{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411267104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729327","title":"Usability Barriers for Liquid Types","display_name":"Usability Barriers for Liquid Types","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411267104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729327","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3729327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3729327","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051656426","display_name":"Catarina Gamboa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6995-7340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["PT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catarina Gamboa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6995-7340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116304927","display_name":"Abigail Reese","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abigail Reese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9971-8499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089334093","display_name":"Alcides Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-4015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alcides Fonseca","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-4015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091372985","display_name":"Jonathan Aldrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0631-5591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Aldrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0631-5591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8878,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94942038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"PLDI","first_page":"1911","last_page":"1936"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.8749141693115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7345293760299683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.560979962348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.49252185225486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4871756434440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4241180121898651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.39966750144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.09880542755126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.055593639612197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.05528140068054199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.8749141693115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7345293760299683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.560979962348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.49252185225486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4871756434440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4241180121898651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39966750144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.09880542755126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.055593639612197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.05528140068054199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729327","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3729327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729327","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3729327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1253671329","display_name":"Improving the Usability of Liquid Types for Reliable Software","funder_award_id":"PRT/BD/154254/2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1487718729","display_name":"Programa\u00e7\u00e3o Consciente de Recursos","funder_award_id":"EXPL/CCI-COM/1306/2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1927536394","display_name":"LASIGE Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancia e Engenharia da Computa\u00e7\u00e3o","funder_award_id":"UID/00408/2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6997658380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.54499","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319180","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon Portugal","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxx0b77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411267104.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411267104.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W144372381","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1538807643","https://openalex.org/W1558175043","https://openalex.org/W1820726602","https://openalex.org/W1992007857","https://openalex.org/W1994495527","https://openalex.org/W2006631720","https://openalex.org/W2036603632","https://openalex.org/W2036961426","https://openalex.org/W2051882031","https://openalex.org/W2064189581","https://openalex.org/W2084050405","https://openalex.org/W2130427425","https://openalex.org/W2139143398","https://openalex.org/W2140825882","https://openalex.org/W2145108549","https://openalex.org/W2149469095","https://openalex.org/W2262606152","https://openalex.org/W2295923951","https://openalex.org/W2470712504","https://openalex.org/W2522826901","https://openalex.org/W2616871725","https://openalex.org/W2767914643","https://openalex.org/W2913543606","https://openalex.org/W2916708654","https://openalex.org/W3000240292","https://openalex.org/W3082634688","https://openalex.org/W3082657317","https://openalex.org/W3092724436","https://openalex.org/W3101068774","https://openalex.org/W3121172885","https://openalex.org/W3185065804","https://openalex.org/W3186138910","https://openalex.org/W3200983232","https://openalex.org/W3202806445","https://openalex.org/W3206925941","https://openalex.org/W4243216998","https://openalex.org/W4281564584","https://openalex.org/W4284670340","https://openalex.org/W4324157328","https://openalex.org/W4379536176","https://openalex.org/W4384159122","https://openalex.org/W4384302747","https://openalex.org/W4386317058","https://openalex.org/W4386614515","https://openalex.org/W4386711366","https://openalex.org/W4387667108","https://openalex.org/W4389520876","https://openalex.org/W4390604815","https://openalex.org/W4394746181","https://openalex.org/W4403223018","https://openalex.org/W4406221737","https://openalex.org/W6893122388","https://openalex.org/W6903445397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2429057255","https://openalex.org/W2187546663","https://openalex.org/W148745890","https://openalex.org/W4389670110","https://openalex.org/W2611942503","https://openalex.org/W4315621326","https://openalex.org/W2899790217","https://openalex.org/W2598865957","https://openalex.org/W1576092969","https://openalex.org/W2524154428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Liquid":[0],"types":[1,16,81],"can":[2,86],"express":[3],"richer":[4],"verification":[5,62],"properties":[6],"than":[7],"simple":[8],"type":[9,97],"systems.":[10,98],"However,":[11],"despite":[12],"their":[13],"advantages,":[14],"liquid":[15,34,80,96],"have":[17],"yet":[18],"to":[19,75],"achieve":[20],"widespread":[21],"adoption.":[22],"To":[23],"understand":[24],"why,":[25],"we":[26],"conducted":[27],"a":[28,68],"study":[29],"analyzing":[30],"developers\u2019":[31],"challenges":[32,53,74],"with":[33,54],"types,":[35],"focusing":[36],"on":[37],"LiquidHaskell.":[38],"Our":[39],"findings":[40],"reveal":[41],"nine":[42],"key":[43],"barriers":[44],"that":[45,85],"span":[46],"three":[47],"categories,":[48],"including":[49],"developer":[50],"experience,":[51],"scalability":[52],"complex":[55],"and":[56,59,82,90,93],"large":[57],"codebases,":[58],"understanding":[60],"the":[61,72,76,88],"process.":[63],"Together,":[64],"these":[65],"obstacles":[66],"provide":[67],"comprehensive":[69],"view":[70],"of":[71,79,95],"usability":[73],"broader":[77],"adoption":[78],"offer":[83],"insights":[84],"inform":[87],"current":[89],"future":[91],"design":[92],"implementation":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-04T10:56:28.161419","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
