{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409335556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729228","title":"Behavior Nets: Context-Aware Behavior Modeling for Code Injection-Based Windows Malware","display_name":"Behavior Nets: Context-Aware Behavior Modeling for Code Injection-Based Windows Malware","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409335556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729228","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092130151","display_name":"Jerre Starink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0138-0861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160154","display_name":"Chemical Semantics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04qca6973","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160154"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jerre Starink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Semantics, Cybersecurity & Services, University Twente Faculty EEMCS","Semantics, Cybersecurity &amp; Services, University Twente Faculty EEMCS, Enschede, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Semantics, Cybersecurity & Services, University Twente Faculty EEMCS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160154"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Semantics, Cybersecurity &amp; Services, University Twente Faculty EEMCS, Enschede, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045181048","display_name":"Marieke Huisman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4467-072X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marieke Huisman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Formal Methods and Tools, University Twente Faculty EEMCS","Formal Methods and Tools, University Twente Faculty EEMCS, Enschede, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Formal Methods and Tools, University Twente Faculty EEMCS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Formal Methods and Tools, University Twente Faculty EEMCS, Enschede, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056553463","display_name":"Peter Andreas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129877168","display_name":"Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/033n9gh91","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departement of Computer Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","Departement of Computer Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departement of Computer Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departement of Computer Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071672404","display_name":"Andrea Continella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0329-1830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160154","display_name":"Chemical Semantics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04qca6973","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160154"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Continella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Semantics, Cybersecurity & Services, University Twente Faculty EEMCS","Semantics, Cybersecurity &amp; Services, University Twente Faculty EEMCS, Enschede, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Semantics, Cybersecurity & Services, University Twente Faculty EEMCS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160154"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Semantics, Cybersecurity &amp; Services, University Twente Faculty EEMCS, Enschede, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092130151"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160154","https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07738889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7768605947494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.680429220199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.5763992071151733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-analysis","display_name":"Malware analysis","score":0.532081127166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5293187499046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5219290256500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/windows-vista","display_name":"Windows Vista","score":0.47947749495506287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.46425989270210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microsoft-windows","display_name":"Microsoft Windows","score":0.3822997808456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.12780147790908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.10348919034004211}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7768605947494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.680429220199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.5763992071151733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731404","display_name":"Malware analysis","level":3,"score":0.532081127166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5293187499046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5219290256500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527868296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11230","display_name":"Windows Vista","level":4,"score":0.47947749495506287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.46425989270210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C508378895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1406","display_name":"Microsoft Windows","level":3,"score":0.3822997808456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.12780147790908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.10348919034004211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/3834da46-6bca-4729-ad7b-cde210506789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/3834da46-6bca-4729-ad7b-cde210506789","pdf_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/507167385/3729228.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Starink, J, Huisman, M, Peter, A & Continella, A 2025, 'Behavior Nets : Context-Aware Behavior Modeling for Code Injection-Based Windows Malware', ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security, vol. 28, no. 3, 33, pp. 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3729228","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2647707245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"639.023.710","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5365867299","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G629491556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NWO)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57205749","https://openalex.org/W1996109622","https://openalex.org/W2003568760","https://openalex.org/W2036910349","https://openalex.org/W2083183119","https://openalex.org/W2087740020","https://openalex.org/W2167671111","https://openalex.org/W2168519318","https://openalex.org/W2514847810","https://openalex.org/W2546392290","https://openalex.org/W2620957293","https://openalex.org/W2765653036","https://openalex.org/W2806988516","https://openalex.org/W2950244443","https://openalex.org/W3006711782","https://openalex.org/W3138173041","https://openalex.org/W3153302004","https://openalex.org/W3208665740","https://openalex.org/W4323966588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2469507153","https://openalex.org/W2008790809","https://openalex.org/W2768892939","https://openalex.org/W4285507391","https://openalex.org/W3164408430","https://openalex.org/W2397240470","https://openalex.org/W2602767565","https://openalex.org/W170652726","https://openalex.org/W2883822334","https://openalex.org/W4220701292"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"significant":[1],"effort":[2],"put":[3],"into":[4,61,150,221],"research":[5,246],"and":[6,77,97,169,187,214],"development":[7],"of":[8,21,79,234],"defense":[9],"mechanisms,":[10],"new":[11],"malware":[12,29,156,245],"is":[13,34,52,59,82,108],"continuously":[14],"developed":[15],"rapidly,":[16],"making":[17,65],"it":[18,33,66,69],"still":[19],"one":[20],"the":[22,26,36,117,139,151,159,232,235],"major":[23],"threats":[24],"on":[25,89,143,158,195,242,248],"Internet.":[27],"For":[28],"to":[30,40,73,146,155],"be":[31,100,131,252],"successful,":[32],"in":[35,49,93,119,184,206,227],"developer\u2019s":[37],"best":[38],"interest":[39],"evade":[41],"detection":[42,76],"as":[43,45],"long":[44],"possible.":[46],"One":[47],"method":[48],"achieving":[50],"this":[51,165],"using":[53],"Code":[54,80],"Injection,":[55],"where":[56],"malicious":[57,181,229],"code":[58,144],"injected":[60],"another":[62],"benign":[63,96,208],"process,":[64],"do":[67],"something":[68],"was":[70],"not":[71],"intended":[72],"do.":[74],"Automated":[75],"characterization":[78],"Injection":[81],"difficult.":[83],"Many":[84],"injection":[85,145],"techniques":[86,153],"depend":[87],"solely":[88],"system":[90,105,123,196,201],"calls":[91,202],"that":[92,114,127,179,217],"isolation":[94],"look":[95],"can":[98,115,130],"easily":[99],"confused":[101],"with":[102,239],"other":[103],"background":[104],"activity.":[106],"There":[107],"therefore":[109],"a":[110,121,207],"need":[111],"for":[112,193],"models":[113],"consider":[116],"context":[118,220],"which":[120],"single":[122],"event":[124,219],"resides,":[125],"such":[126],"relevant":[128],"activity":[129],"distinguished":[132],"easily.":[133],"In":[134],"previous":[135],"work,":[136],"we":[137],"conducted":[138],"first":[140],"systematic":[141],"study":[142],"gain":[147],"more":[148],"insights":[149,241],"different":[152],"available":[154],"developers":[157],"Windows":[160],"platform.":[161],"This":[162,191],"paper":[163],"extends":[164],"work":[166],"by":[167],"introducing":[168,218],"formalizing":[170],"Behavior":[171,212],"Nets:":[172],"A":[173],"novel,":[174],"reusable,":[175],"context-aware":[176],"modeling":[177],"language":[178],"expresses":[180],"software":[182],"behavior":[183,230],"observable":[185],"events":[186],"their":[188],"general":[189],"interdependence.":[190],"allows":[192],"matching":[194],"calls,":[197],"even":[198],"if":[199],"those":[200],"are":[203],"typically":[204],"used":[205],"context.":[209],"We":[210,237],"evaluate":[211],"Nets":[213],"experimentally":[215],"confirm":[216],"behavioral":[222],"signatures":[223],"yields":[224],"better":[225],"results":[226],"characterizing":[228],"than":[231],"state":[233],"art.":[236],"conclude":[238],"valuable":[240],"how":[243],"future":[244],"based":[247],"dynamic":[249],"analysis":[250],"should":[251],"conducted.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
