{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409359698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729225","title":"Improving Test Efficacy for Large-Scale Android Applications by Exploiting GUI and Functional Equivalence","display_name":"Improving Test Efficacy for Large-Scale Android Applications by Exploiting GUI and Functional Equivalence","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409359698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079836004","display_name":"Yifei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4758-3285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Software Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Software Institute, Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4758-3285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Software Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Software Institute, Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002720603","display_name":"Minxue Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-5350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minxue Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Software Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Software Institute, Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-5350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Software Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Software Institute, Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055946963","display_name":"Haochuan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3200-3068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haochuan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent, Guangzhou, China","Tencent Inc., China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3200-3068","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent Inc., China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060932650","display_name":"Yuetang Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7060-4109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuetang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent, Guangzhou, China","Tencent Inc., China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7060-4109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent Inc., China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078890349","display_name":"Tian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0104-2731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0104-2731","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090305216","display_name":"Linzhang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-1652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linzhang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-1652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090810072","display_name":"Xuandong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-9568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuandong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-9568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06034654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8135274648666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.50975102186203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-equivalence","display_name":"Functional equivalence","score":0.49264174699783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.4905630946159363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.36825793981552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.33981990814208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2623822093009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09674710035324097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8135274648666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.50975102186203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988012377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29966452","display_name":"Functional equivalence","level":2,"score":0.49264174699783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.4905630946159363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.36825793981552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.33981990814208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2623822093009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09674710035324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8923139512","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62232014, 62402213, and 62372227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176206521","https://openalex.org/W1612015840","https://openalex.org/W1812630525","https://openalex.org/W1988737164","https://openalex.org/W1994931937","https://openalex.org/W2013856010","https://openalex.org/W2042219500","https://openalex.org/W2055703785","https://openalex.org/W2088749975","https://openalex.org/W2101800210","https://openalex.org/W2102495716","https://openalex.org/W2138428785","https://openalex.org/W2143404201","https://openalex.org/W2161963160","https://openalex.org/W2164170598","https://openalex.org/W2227887088","https://openalex.org/W2249191673","https://openalex.org/W2463553622","https://openalex.org/W2514303331","https://openalex.org/W2521291598","https://openalex.org/W2546750171","https://openalex.org/W2733553512","https://openalex.org/W2740719741","https://openalex.org/W2740742367","https://openalex.org/W2741894851","https://openalex.org/W2767668103","https://openalex.org/W2767981225","https://openalex.org/W2806400877","https://openalex.org/W2827055979","https://openalex.org/W2888246077","https://openalex.org/W2888272748","https://openalex.org/W2897129705","https://openalex.org/W2898304221","https://openalex.org/W2898557219","https://openalex.org/W2954909443","https://openalex.org/W2955215835","https://openalex.org/W2967072515","https://openalex.org/W2969210543","https://openalex.org/W2999907851","https://openalex.org/W3004939941","https://openalex.org/W3043122026","https://openalex.org/W3085877220","https://openalex.org/W3089692094","https://openalex.org/W3091089987","https://openalex.org/W3091518781","https://openalex.org/W3096210725","https://openalex.org/W3099814830","https://openalex.org/W3172762589","https://openalex.org/W3177754813","https://openalex.org/W3194555047","https://openalex.org/W3195818176","https://openalex.org/W3206846523","https://openalex.org/W4205529760","https://openalex.org/W4251988601","https://openalex.org/W4312439759","https://openalex.org/W4377249427","https://openalex.org/W4384337827","https://openalex.org/W4386276135","https://openalex.org/W4391892540","https://openalex.org/W4396871671","https://openalex.org/W6833780757"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3118866054","https://openalex.org/W2056882394","https://openalex.org/W2379789703","https://openalex.org/W2383806832","https://openalex.org/W2050092215","https://openalex.org/W2391201265","https://openalex.org/W2392210095","https://openalex.org/W2384861189","https://openalex.org/W2391858393","https://openalex.org/W2366800561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large-scale":[0],"Android":[1,13,122,155],"apps":[2,127],"that":[3,73,139],"provide":[4],"complex":[5],"functions":[6,94],"are":[7],"gradually":[8],"becoming":[9],"the":[10,52,56,90,110,153,179],"mainstream":[11],"in":[12,163,178],"app":[14],"markets.":[15],"They":[16],"tend":[17],"to":[18,88,152],"display":[19],"many":[20],"GUI":[21,26,71,98],"widgets":[22],"on":[23,59,119],"a":[24,81,184],"single":[25],"page,":[27],"which,":[28],"unfortunately,":[29],"can":[30,74,113,142,148],"cause":[31,75],"more":[32,140,146],"redundant":[33,60,76],"test":[34,57,111,181],"actions\u2014actions":[35],"with":[36,92,106],"similar":[37,93],"functions\u2014to":[38],"automatic":[39],"testing":[40,46,108,156,186],"approaches.":[41],"The":[42,136],"effectiveness":[43],"of":[44,54,70,173],"existing":[45,107],"approaches":[47],"is":[48],"still":[49],"limited,":[50],"suggesting":[51],"necessity":[53],"reducing":[55],"effort":[58],"actions.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63,104],"article,":[64],"we":[65],"first":[66],"identify":[67],"three":[68,125],"types":[69],"structures":[72],"actions":[77,91],"and":[78,100,133,145,166],"then":[79],"propose":[80],"novel":[82],"approach,":[83],"called":[84],"action":[85],"equivalence":[86],"evaluation,":[87],"find":[89],"by":[95],"exploiting":[96],"both":[97],"structure":[99],"functionality.":[101],"By":[102],"integrating":[103],"approach":[105],"tools,":[109],"efficacy":[112],"be":[114,143,149],"improved.":[115],"We":[116],"conducted":[117],"experiments":[118],"17":[120],"large-scale":[121],"apps,":[123],"including":[124],"industrial":[126],"Google":[128],"News":[129],",":[130,132],"Messenger":[131],"WeChat":[134,174],".":[135],"results":[137],"show":[138],"instructions":[141],"covered,":[144],"crashes":[147],"detected,":[150],"compared":[151],"state-of-the-art":[154],"tools.":[157],"Twenty-nine":[158],"real":[159,180],"bugs":[160,169],"were":[161],"found":[162],"our":[164],"experiment,":[165],"moreover,":[167],"760":[168],"over":[170],"40":[171],"versions":[172],"had":[175],"been":[176],"detected":[177],"environment":[182],"during":[183],"3-month":[185],"period.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
