{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411522844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728970","title":"STRUT: Structured Seed Case Guided Unit Test Generation for C Programs using LLMs","display_name":"STRUT: Structured Seed Case Guided Unit Test Generation for C Programs using LLMs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411522844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3728970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728970","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3728970","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3728970","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jinwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2216-5071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2216-5071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110522991","display_name":"Li Chao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, China","Beijing Sunwise Information Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-587X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Sunwise Information Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089310053","display_name":"Rui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5762-3749"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, China","Beijing Sunwise Information Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5762-3749","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Sunwise Information Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069123561","display_name":"Shaofeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-3855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaofeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-3855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101862363","display_name":"Bin Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-4839"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-4839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014202263","display_name":"Mengfei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6844-1246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengfei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6844-1246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.17,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9689571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"ISSTA","first_page":"2113","last_page":"2135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-testing","display_name":"Unit testing","score":0.8167645931243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.6526713371276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-driven-development","display_name":"Test-driven development","score":0.5950143933296204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5915974378585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aspect-oriented-programming","display_name":"Aspect-oriented programming","score":0.5417935848236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5294955372810364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.48225075006484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.46750980615615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-suite","display_name":"Test suite","score":0.4498271048069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.34699496626853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2478400468826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.2258373498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.16689515113830566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148027188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907375","display_name":"Unit testing","level":3,"score":0.8167645931243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.6526713371276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4478048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950250","display_name":"Test-driven development","level":4,"score":0.5950143933296204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5915974378585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60051680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30267","display_name":"Aspect-oriented programming","level":3,"score":0.5417935848236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5294955372810364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.48225075006484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.46750980615615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151552104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705809","display_name":"Test suite","level":4,"score":0.4498271048069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.34699496626853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2478400468826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2258373498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.16689515113830566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3728970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728970","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3728970","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3728970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728970","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3728970","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7586356749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB4501900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411522844.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411522844.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964730672","https://openalex.org/W1965194038","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W2002753905","https://openalex.org/W2014309790","https://openalex.org/W2067617772","https://openalex.org/W2133414060","https://openalex.org/W2137501186","https://openalex.org/W2146511370","https://openalex.org/W2154897437","https://openalex.org/W2158586961","https://openalex.org/W2247455710","https://openalex.org/W2914209329","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W4221142042","https://openalex.org/W4282572161","https://openalex.org/W4287668913","https://openalex.org/W4323656982","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4375959406","https://openalex.org/W4383175397","https://openalex.org/W4384304865","https://openalex.org/W4386889431","https://openalex.org/W4388747891","https://openalex.org/W4389104713","https://openalex.org/W4389209096","https://openalex.org/W4394745423","https://openalex.org/W4400582690","https://openalex.org/W4402042086","https://openalex.org/W4402410897","https://openalex.org/W4402457261","https://openalex.org/W4403536388","https://openalex.org/W4403622802"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389236635","https://openalex.org/W2125920815","https://openalex.org/W2148899257","https://openalex.org/W3114223219","https://openalex.org/W2536237338","https://openalex.org/W3004602269","https://openalex.org/W2892892708","https://openalex.org/W2069944787","https://openalex.org/W2404183746","https://openalex.org/W2167066978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unit":[0],"testing":[1],"plays":[2],"a":[3,116,128,190,197,216],"crucial":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,19,36,79,105,261],"bug":[7],"detection":[8],"and":[9,93,134,173,235,249],"ensuring":[10],"software":[11,23],"correctness.":[12],"It":[13],"helps":[14],"developers":[15],"identify":[16],"errors":[17],"early":[18],"development,":[20],"thereby":[21,150],"reducing":[22],"defects.":[24],"In":[25],"recent":[26],"years,":[27],"large":[28],"language":[29],"models":[30],"(LLMs)":[31],"have":[32],"demonstrated":[33],"significant":[34],"potential":[35,77],"automating":[37],"unit":[38,46,118,264],"test":[39,58,67,119,125,140,148,177,183,194,208,212,265],"generation.":[40],"However,":[41],"using":[42],"LLMs":[43,62,144,155,187,272],"to":[44,75,145,188,202],"generate":[45,189],"tests":[47],"faces":[48],"many":[49],"challenges.":[50],"1)":[51],"The":[52,66],"execution":[53,225,252],"pass":[54,226],"rate":[55,227],"of":[56,137,154,170,192,207,219,228,244,271],"the":[57,80,106,152,168,204,245,250,269],"cases":[59,126,178,184,209,266],"generated":[60],"by":[61,267],"is":[63,70,200],"low.":[64],"2)":[65],"case":[68],"coverage":[69,234],"inadequate,":[71],"making":[72],"it":[73],"challenging":[74],"detect":[76],"risks":[78],"code.":[81,213],"3)":[82],"Current":[83],"research":[84],"methods":[85,172,248],"primarily":[86],"focus":[87],"on":[88,97],"languages":[89,133,161],"such":[90],"as":[91,127],"Java":[92],"Python,":[94],"while":[95,273],"studies":[96],"C":[98],"programming":[99,132,160],"are":[100],"scarce,":[101],"despite":[102],"its":[103],"importance":[104],"real":[107],"world.":[108],"To":[109],"address":[110],"these":[111],"challenges,":[112],"we":[113],"propose":[114],"STRUT,":[115,220],"novel":[117],"generation":[120],"method.":[121],"STRUT":[122,142,166],"utilizes":[123],"structured":[124,147,175,193,205],"bridge":[129],"between":[130],"complex":[131,163],"LLMs.":[135],"Instead":[136],"directly":[138],"generating":[139,157,262],"code,":[141],"guides":[143],"produce":[146],"cases,":[149],"alleviating":[151],"limitations":[153],"when":[156],"code":[158],"for":[159,179],"with":[162,231],"features.":[164],"First,":[165],"analyzes":[167],"context":[169],"focal":[171],"constructs":[174],"seed":[176,182],"them.":[180],"These":[181,255],"then":[185],"guide":[186],"set":[191,206],"cases.":[195],"Subsequently,":[196],"rule-based":[198],"approach":[199],"employed":[201],"convert":[203],"into":[210],"executable":[211],"We":[214],"conducted":[215],"comprehensive":[217],"evaluation":[218],"which":[221],"achieved":[222],"an":[223],"impressive":[224],"96.01%,":[229],"along":[230],"77.67%":[232],"line":[233],"63.60%":[236],"branch":[237],"coverage.":[238],"This":[239],"performance":[240],"significantly":[241],"surpasses":[242],"that":[243],"LLMs-based":[246],"baseline":[247],"symbolic":[251],"tool":[253],"SunwiseAUnit.":[254],"results":[256],"highlight":[257],"STRUT\u2019s":[258],"superior":[259],"capability":[260],"high-quality":[263],"leveraging":[268],"strengths":[270],"addressing":[274],"their":[275],"inherent":[276],"limitations.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
