{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409212896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728469","title":"SPHINCSLET: An Area-Efficient Accelerator for the Full SPHINCS+ Digital Signature Algorithm","display_name":"SPHINCSLET: An Area-Efficient Accelerator for the Full SPHINCS+ Digital Signature Algorithm","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409212896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728469"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3728469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728469","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101942859","display_name":"Sanjay Deshpande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0938-9547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Deshpande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science","Electrical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100705075","display_name":"Yong-Seok Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9717-620X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongseok Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University","Seoul National University,  Gwanak-gu, Korea (the Republic of)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University,  Gwanak-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117015516","display_name":"Cansu Karakuzu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143288331","display_name":"Hasso Plattner Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/058rn5r42","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}],"countries":["DE","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cansu Karakuzu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam","Seoul National University","Seoul National University,  Gwanak-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University,  Gwanak-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143288331","https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044387689","display_name":"Jakub Szefer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9721-3640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakub Szefer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University","Yale University","Northwestern University,  Evanston, United States","Yale University,  New Haven, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University,  Evanston, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University,  New Haven, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082524666","display_name":"Yunheung Paek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6412-2926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunheung Paek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University","Seoul National University,  Gwanak-gu, Korea (the Republic of)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University,  Gwanak-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101942859"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.3941,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98886401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.6277936697006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.5870810747146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.582012951374054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature-algorithm","display_name":"Digital Signature Algorithm","score":0.5796188712120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.548770546913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2137952744960785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13318964838981628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.07365855574607849}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6277936697006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.5870810747146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.582012951374054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202424057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224829","display_name":"Digital Signature Algorithm","level":4,"score":0.5796188712120056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.548770546913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2137952744960785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13318964838981628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07365855574607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3728469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3728469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3728469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946582523","https://openalex.org/W4308219322","https://openalex.org/W4308219461","https://openalex.org/W4309269363","https://openalex.org/W4393647293","https://openalex.org/W4401667022"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392378177","https://openalex.org/W3177125027","https://openalex.org/W1932157736","https://openalex.org/W2365022962","https://openalex.org/W2383048426","https://openalex.org/W2625832554","https://openalex.org/W4387407403","https://openalex.org/W2785938443","https://openalex.org/W2390942931","https://openalex.org/W2149234266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,164],"work":[1],"presents":[2],"SPHINCSLET,":[3],"the":[4,13,99,115,130,167],"first":[5],"fully":[6],"standard-compliant":[7],"and":[8,35,45,60,180],"area-efficient":[9],"hardware":[10,48],"implementation":[11,113,133,171],"of":[12,127,159,178],"SLH-DSA":[14,150,170],"algorithm,":[15],"formerly":[16],"known":[17],"as":[18],"SPHINCS+,":[19],"a":[20,39,52,64,79,90,105,135,155],"post-quantum":[21,190],"digital":[22],"signature":[23,141],"scheme.":[24],"SPHINCSLET":[25,73,182],"is":[26],"designed":[27],"to":[28,56,85,92,137,148,161,172,189],"be":[29],"parameterizable":[30],"across":[31,143],"different":[32],"security":[33,125,145],"levels":[34,146],"hash":[36],"functions,":[37],"offering":[38],"balanced":[40],"tradeoff":[41],"between":[42],"area":[43,54,83,157,179],"efficiency":[44],"performance.":[46],"Existing":[47],"implementations":[49],"either":[50],"feature":[51],"large":[53],"footprint":[55,158],"achieve":[57],"fast":[58],"signing":[59,96],"verification":[61],"or":[62],"adopt":[63],"coprocessor-based":[65,102],"approach":[66],"that":[67],"significantly":[68],"slows":[69],"down":[70],"these":[71],"operations.":[72],"addresses":[74],"this":[75],"gap":[76],"by":[77],"delivering":[78],"4.7\u00d7":[80],"reduction":[81],"in":[82,95,140,187],"compared":[84,147],"high-speed":[86],"designs":[87,103],"while":[88,153],"achieving":[89],"2.5\u00d7":[91],"5\u00d7":[93],"improvement":[94],"time":[97],"over":[98],"most":[100],"efficient":[101],"for":[104,123],"SHAKE256-based":[106,110],"SPHINCS+":[107,111,132],"implementation.":[108],"The":[109],"FPGA":[112],"targeting":[114],"AMD":[116],"Artix-7":[117],"requires":[118],"fewer":[119],"than":[120],"10.8K":[121],"LUTs":[122],"any":[124],"level":[126],"SLH-DSA.":[128],"Furthermore,":[129],"SHA-2-based":[131,169],"achieves":[134],"2\u00d7":[136],"4\u00d7":[138],"speedup":[139],"generation":[142],"various":[144],"existing":[149],"hardware,":[151],"all":[152],"maintaining":[154],"compact":[156],"6K":[160],"15K":[162],"LUTs.":[163],"makes":[165],"it":[166],"fastest":[168],"date.":[173],"With":[174],"an":[175],"optimized":[176],"balance":[177],"performance,":[181],"can":[183],"assist":[184],"resource-constrained":[185],"devices":[186],"transitioning":[188],"cryptography.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
