{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412377099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730094","title":"TITE: Token-Independent Text Encoder for Information Retrieval","display_name":"TITE: Token-Independent Text Encoder for Information Retrieval","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412377099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3726302.3730094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730094","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730094","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730094","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020636685","display_name":"Ferdinand Schlatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-909X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76198965","display_name":"Friedrich Schiller University Jena","ror":"https://ror.org/05qpz1x62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ferdinand Schlatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t Jena, Jena, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t Jena, Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086108001","display_name":"Thomas Hagen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4854-7249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106157433","display_name":"University of Kassel","ror":"https://ror.org/04zc7p361","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Hagen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kassel and hessian.AI, Kassel, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kassel and hessian.AI, Kassel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083712311","display_name":"Martin Potthast","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2451-0665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106157433","display_name":"University of Kassel","ror":"https://ror.org/04zc7p361","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Potthast","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kassel, hessian.AI, and ScaDS.AI, Kassel, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kassel, hessian.AI, and ScaDS.AI, Kassel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014322854","display_name":"Matthias Hagen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9733-2890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76198965","display_name":"Friedrich Schiller University Jena","ror":"https://ror.org/05qpz1x62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Hagen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t Jena, Jena, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Schiller-Universit\u00e4t Jena, Jena, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020636685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76198965"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4849,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90449454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2493","last_page":"2503"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.850780189037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7841886281967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.7611954212188721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.49825358390808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34389668703079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2289663553237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1355917751789093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.850780189037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7841886281967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.7611954212188721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.49825358390808105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34389668703079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2289663553237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1355917751789093}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3726302.3730094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730094","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730094","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3726302.3730094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730094","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730094","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412377099.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412377099.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2256784804","https://openalex.org/W2470818894","https://openalex.org/W2472803348","https://openalex.org/W2798329376","https://openalex.org/W2798658104","https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2951534261","https://openalex.org/W2954698171","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963347649","https://openalex.org/W2963961878","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W2980282514","https://openalex.org/W3001279689","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3021397474","https://openalex.org/W3035324702","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3085914694","https://openalex.org/W3094444847","https://openalex.org/W3099700870","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3099977667","https://openalex.org/W3133594109","https://openalex.org/W3154280800","https://openalex.org/W3156166379","https://openalex.org/W3172119680","https://openalex.org/W3180230246","https://openalex.org/W3188983256","https://openalex.org/W3209873929","https://openalex.org/W3209981429","https://openalex.org/W3217305727","https://openalex.org/W3217485291","https://openalex.org/W4206121183","https://openalex.org/W4284664419","https://openalex.org/W4285113563","https://openalex.org/W4285171517","https://openalex.org/W4287645694","https://openalex.org/W4287780085","https://openalex.org/W4295601746","https://openalex.org/W4300427681","https://openalex.org/W4306317212","https://openalex.org/W4307011114","https://openalex.org/W4319996463","https://openalex.org/W4384648639","https://openalex.org/W4385571769","https://openalex.org/W4385572770","https://openalex.org/W4386794805","https://openalex.org/W4388979610","https://openalex.org/W4390962868","https://openalex.org/W4392735885","https://openalex.org/W4392887343","https://openalex.org/W4392970995","https://openalex.org/W4395443610","https://openalex.org/W4396914116","https://openalex.org/W4400065085","https://openalex.org/W4400104460","https://openalex.org/W4400525612","https://openalex.org/W4404781753","https://openalex.org/W4404782892","https://openalex.org/W4405626356","https://openalex.org/W4407953136","https://openalex.org/W4409159862","https://openalex.org/W6911422139","https://openalex.org/W6968893688"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W4385009901","https://openalex.org/W4385572700"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformer-based":[0],"retrieval":[1,115],"approaches":[2],"typically":[3],"use":[4],"the":[5,9,41,52,64,75,89,98],"contextualized":[6],"embedding":[7],"of":[8,24,51,67,109],"first":[10],"input":[11],"token":[12],"as":[13,46],"a":[14,47,80],"dense":[15],"vector":[16],"representation":[17,83],"for":[18],"queries":[19,126],"and":[20,92,97,127],"documents.":[21,128],"The":[22],"embeddings":[23],"all":[25],"other":[26],"tokens":[27],"are":[28],"also":[29],"computed":[30],"but":[31],"then":[32],"discarded,":[33],"wasting":[34],"resources.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39],"propose":[40],"Token-Independent":[42],"Text":[43],"Encoder":[44],"(TITE)":[45],"more":[48],"efficient":[49],"modification":[50],"backbone":[53],"encoder":[54],"model.":[55],"Using":[56],"an":[57],"attention-based":[58],"pooling":[59],"technique,":[60],"TITE":[61,103],"iteratively":[62],"reduces":[63],"sequence":[65,82],"length":[66],"hidden":[68],"states":[69],"layer":[70,72],"by":[71],"so":[73],"that":[74,102],"final":[76],"output":[77],"is":[78,104,131],"already":[79],"single":[81],"vector.":[84],"Our":[85,129],"empirical":[86],"analyses":[87],"on":[88,105],"TREC":[90],"2019":[91],"2020":[93],"Deep":[94],"Learning":[95],"tracks":[96],"BEIR":[99],"benchmark":[100],"show":[101],"par":[106],"in":[107],"terms":[108],"effectiveness":[110],"compared":[111],"to":[112,120],"standard":[113],"bi-encoder":[114],"models":[116],"while":[117],"being":[118],"up":[119],"3.3":[121],"times":[122],"faster":[123],"at":[124],"encoding":[125],"code":[130],"available":[132],"at:":[133],"https://github.com/webis-de/SIGIR-25.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}