{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412376947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730049","title":"On the Scaling of Robustness and Effectiveness in Dense Retrieval","display_name":"On the Scaling of Robustness and Effectiveness in Dense Retrieval","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412376947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3726302.3730049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730049","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730049","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730049","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101873009","display_name":"Yu-An Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-5097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108629","display_name":"Computer Network Information Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01s0wyf50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210108629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-An Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-5097","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108629","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009898523","display_name":"Ruqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-2541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108629","display_name":"Computer Network Information Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01s0wyf50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210108629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-2541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108629","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088621320","display_name":"Jiafeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108629","display_name":"Computer Network Information Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01s0wyf50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210108629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-8674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108629","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031439294","display_name":"Maarten de Rijke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-0202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135670","display_name":"Amsterdam University of the Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04dde1554","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten de Rijke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-0202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135670","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006971161","display_name":"Yixing Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-2702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108629","display_name":"Computer Network Information Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01s0wyf50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210108629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixing Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-2702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108629","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029998682","display_name":"Xueqi Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108629","display_name":"Computer Network Information Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01s0wyf50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210108629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-8195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108629","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2351","last_page":"2360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8128326535224915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.7321809530258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6799321174621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41469189524650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15443971753120422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8128326535224915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.7321809530258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6799321174621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41469189524650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15443971753120422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3726302.3730049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730049","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730049","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3726302.3730049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730049","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730049","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2289169492","display_name":"Fairness and Intersectional Non-Discrimination in Human Recommendation","funder_award_id":"101070212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5550786340","display_name":"Hybrid Intelligence (HI): augmenting human intellect","funder_award_id":"024.004.022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G582335137","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2023YFA1011602 and 2021QY1701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6280615682","display_name":"Low Resource Chat-based Conversational Intelligence","funder_award_id":"NWA.1389.20.183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6640760388","display_name":"Trustworthy AI-based Systems for Sustainable Growth","funder_award_id":"KICH3.LTP.20.006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412376947.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412376947.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979697714","https://openalex.org/W2047952076","https://openalex.org/W2119303899","https://openalex.org/W2321470647","https://openalex.org/W2903314293","https://openalex.org/W2947497897","https://openalex.org/W2954475589","https://openalex.org/W3015883388","https://openalex.org/W3034439313","https://openalex.org/W3083182073","https://openalex.org/W3115055510","https://openalex.org/W3122753308","https://openalex.org/W3152624702","https://openalex.org/W3156836409","https://openalex.org/W4224330422","https://openalex.org/W4224879068","https://openalex.org/W4236789328","https://openalex.org/W4251326898","https://openalex.org/W4285164362","https://openalex.org/W4287547956","https://openalex.org/W4287671867","https://openalex.org/W4287816019","https://openalex.org/W4288342744","https://openalex.org/W4308739774","https://openalex.org/W4385573970","https://openalex.org/W4385574018","https://openalex.org/W4389519591","https://openalex.org/W4393147751","https://openalex.org/W4393928269","https://openalex.org/W4400527475","https://openalex.org/W4400528754","https://openalex.org/W6645168335","https://openalex.org/W6678954198","https://openalex.org/W6810794041","https://openalex.org/W6839310359","https://openalex.org/W6839354121","https://openalex.org/W6863194756"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robustness":[0],"and":[1,42,47,62],"Effectiveness":[2],"are":[3],"critical":[4],"aspects":[5],"of":[6,31,45],"developing":[7],"dense":[8,34],"retrieval":[9],"models":[10,46],"for":[11],"real-world":[12],"applications.":[13],"It":[14],"is":[15,19],"known":[16],"that":[17],"there":[18],"a":[20,37,71],"trade-off":[21],"between":[22,40],"the":[23,43],"two.":[24],"Recent":[25],"work":[26],"has":[27],"addressed":[28],"scaling":[29,52,58],"laws":[30,53],"effectiveness":[32,41,63],"in":[33,70],"retrieval,":[35],"revealing":[36],"power-law":[38],"relationship":[39],"size":[44],"data.":[48],"Does":[49],"robustness":[50,61],"follow":[51],"too?":[54],"If":[55],"so,":[56],"can":[57],"improve":[59],"both":[60],"together,":[64],"or":[65],"do":[66],"they":[67],"remain":[68],"locked":[69],"trade-off?":[72]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}