{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7092183139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756136","title":"Sonar: A Hardware Fuzzing Framework to Uncover Contention Side Channels in Processors","display_name":"Sonar: A Hardware Fuzzing Framework to Uncover Contention Side Channels in Processors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7092183139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756136"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3725843.3756136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756136","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 58th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756136","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kanqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8263-6329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8263-6329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Peinan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5109-3495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peinan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5109-3495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Miao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5666-9793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5666-9793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xin Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0303-4069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0303-4069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zelong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6041-4120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zelong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6041-4120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Quanchen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2130-5628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanchen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2130-5628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yongqiang Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-963X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongqiang Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-963X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yu Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-503X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua university, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-503X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua university, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dan Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9868-5353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9868-5353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rui Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-7632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-7632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security Defense, IIE, CAS; UCAS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"125","last_page":"139"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.24009999632835388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.24009999632835388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.1678999960422516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.12309999763965607,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.6298999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.2865000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6917999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.6298999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3725843.3756136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756136","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 58th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3725843.3756136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756136","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 58th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3606881617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSSI Award #2311890, PPoSS Award #2118709","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4142175894","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019-107255GB-C21, PID2020-113614RB-C21, TED2021-132634A-I00, PID2023-146511NB-I00, FPU20-04076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331084","display_name":"Lenovo Group","ror":"https://ror.org/04srd9d93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W1964281299","https://openalex.org/W2057949999","https://openalex.org/W2111160280","https://openalex.org/W2120230074","https://openalex.org/W2137453738","https://openalex.org/W2255548496","https://openalex.org/W2337480911","https://openalex.org/W2507765405","https://openalex.org/W2586555532","https://openalex.org/W2810584084","https://openalex.org/W2899703500","https://openalex.org/W2899727632","https://openalex.org/W2903035991","https://openalex.org/W2905380323","https://openalex.org/W2952265249","https://openalex.org/W2954241526","https://openalex.org/W2964281551","https://openalex.org/W2979328258","https://openalex.org/W2979547870","https://openalex.org/W2989861912","https://openalex.org/W2996753292","https://openalex.org/W3007037833","https://openalex.org/W3029114445","https://openalex.org/W3036003802","https://openalex.org/W3092493782","https://openalex.org/W3097783227","https://openalex.org/W3113111557","https://openalex.org/W3153564332","https://openalex.org/W3154674654","https://openalex.org/W3159033757","https://openalex.org/W3187343772","https://openalex.org/W3202816353","https://openalex.org/W3213773220","https://openalex.org/W3214691374","https://openalex.org/W4232120412","https://openalex.org/W4233119454","https://openalex.org/W4242926647","https://openalex.org/W4255991246","https://openalex.org/W4288086178","https://openalex.org/W4296880912","https://openalex.org/W4308643131","https://openalex.org/W4318541606","https://openalex.org/W4378192144","https://openalex.org/W4379113633","https://openalex.org/W4379116144","https://openalex.org/W4385080289","https://openalex.org/W4386763846","https://openalex.org/W4389163039","https://openalex.org/W4389166673","https://openalex.org/W4391406977","https://openalex.org/W4391604029","https://openalex.org/W4401568137","https://openalex.org/W4402264173","https://openalex.org/W4408893486"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-17T00:00:00"}
