{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7092194851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756050","title":"CryptoBTB: A Secure Hierarchical BTB for Diverse Instruction Footprint Workloads","display_name":"CryptoBTB: A Secure Hierarchical BTB for Diverse Instruction Footprint Workloads","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7092194851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3725843.3756050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 58th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756050","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Debpratim Adak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5630-8264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debpratim Adak","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eric Rotenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0406-1973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Rotenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Amro Awad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-463X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amro Awad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huiyang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-0722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiyang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4057,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93334152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1087","last_page":"1101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.18559999763965607,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.18559999763965607,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.12349999696016312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.06239999830722809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footprint","display_name":"Footprint","score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.25029999017715454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6822999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.24140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.24070000648498535}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3725843.3756050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 58th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:11a8eb7e-c11f-43ce-acce-83c4e6bc49e7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_5794"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3725843.3756050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3725843.3756050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 58th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599175145","https://openalex.org/W1999669688","https://openalex.org/W2036895660","https://openalex.org/W2056778557","https://openalex.org/W2106728965","https://openalex.org/W2121288607","https://openalex.org/W2131019288","https://openalex.org/W2131202839","https://openalex.org/W2133679063","https://openalex.org/W2147657366","https://openalex.org/W2166293920","https://openalex.org/W2209148515","https://openalex.org/W2294547216","https://openalex.org/W2411163968","https://openalex.org/W2537959404","https://openalex.org/W2793362767","https://openalex.org/W2794581605","https://openalex.org/W2903910116","https://openalex.org/W2905380323","https://openalex.org/W2951689436","https://openalex.org/W2952265249","https://openalex.org/W2976763854","https://openalex.org/W2979633637","https://openalex.org/W2979849111","https://openalex.org/W2997451313","https://openalex.org/W3000130452","https://openalex.org/W3008874958","https://openalex.org/W3036557299","https://openalex.org/W3042840909","https://openalex.org/W3043135265","https://openalex.org/W3043167609","https://openalex.org/W3043595391","https://openalex.org/W3047462776","https://openalex.org/W3106626168","https://openalex.org/W3158203193","https://openalex.org/W3159033757","https://openalex.org/W3194289480","https://openalex.org/W3203303453","https://openalex.org/W3205071825","https://openalex.org/W3212058523","https://openalex.org/W4206345300","https://openalex.org/W4229023921","https://openalex.org/W4232120412","https://openalex.org/W4242926647","https://openalex.org/W4251810237","https://openalex.org/W4280521859","https://openalex.org/W4287883049","https://openalex.org/W4293255365","https://openalex.org/W4308083579","https://openalex.org/W4360831774","https://openalex.org/W4380881061","https://openalex.org/W4380881135","https://openalex.org/W4387596659","https://openalex.org/W4389476379","https://openalex.org/W4392719523","https://openalex.org/W4401211857","https://openalex.org/W4401212189"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timing":[0],"attacks":[1,52,75],"leveraging":[2],"shared":[3,23],"resources":[4],"on":[5,199],"a":[6,9,16,43,142,184],"CPU":[7],"are":[8,98],"growing":[10],"concern.":[11],"Branch":[12],"Target":[13],"Buffer":[14],"(BTB),":[15],"crucial":[17],"component":[18],"of":[19,202],"high-performance":[20],"processors,":[21],"is":[22,179,190],"among":[24],"threads":[25],"and":[26,47,57,128],"privileged":[27],"spaces.":[28],"Recently,":[29],"researchers":[30],"discovered":[31],"numerous":[32],"vulnerabilities":[33],"in":[34,86],"the":[35,49,87,126,134,155,159,193,206],"BTB,":[36,144],"allowing":[37],"an":[38,148],"adversary":[39],"to":[40,72,82,166,192],"maliciously":[41],"infer":[42],"victim\u2019s":[44],"BTB":[45,68,127,150,168,175,194,207],"update":[46],"mistrain":[48],"BTB.":[50],"Such":[51],"can":[53],"successfully":[54],"bypass":[55],"privilege-level":[56],"secure":[58,102,143,174],"enclave":[59],"protection,":[60],"as":[61,63],"well":[62],"address":[64,91],"space":[65],"isolation.":[66],"Randomizing":[67],"through":[69],"encrypted":[70],"addressing":[71],"prevent":[73],"these":[74,219],"suffers":[76,119,129],"from":[77,120,130,158],"high":[78,121],"performance":[79,189,216],"overhead":[80,122,217,232],"due":[81],"exposed":[83],"encryption":[84,95,115,157,165],"latency":[85],"pipeline.":[88],"Prior":[89],"works":[90],"this":[92,137,177],"by":[93],"using":[94],"schemes":[96],"that":[97,204,212],"either":[99],"not":[100],"fully":[101],"or":[103],"require":[104],"frequent":[105],"flush.":[106],"The":[107],"most":[108],"recent":[109],"proposal,":[110],"HyBP":[111,222],"[79],":[112],"uses":[113],"stronger":[114],"schemes.":[116],"However,":[117],"it":[118,124],"since":[123],"underutilizes":[125],"higher":[131,185],"collisions":[132],"within":[133],"same":[135],"thread.<br><br>In":[136],"work,":[138],"we":[139],"propose":[140],"CryptoBTB,":[141],"specifically":[145],"designed":[146],"for":[147,181,218],"exclusive":[149],"hierarchy.":[151],"Our":[152,209],"proposal":[153],"decouples":[154],"index":[156,160,164],"itself,":[161],"enabling":[162],"low-latency":[163],"obscure":[167],"set":[169],"mapping.":[170],"Additionally,":[171],"unlike":[172],"earlier":[173],"proposals,":[176],"scheme":[178],"well-suited":[180],"applications":[182],"with":[183],"instruction":[186],"footprint":[187],"where":[188],"sensitive":[191],"capacity.":[195],"We":[196],"evaluated":[197],"CryptoBTB":[198,213,227],"various":[200],"classes":[201],"workloads":[203],"stress":[205],"differently.":[208],"results":[210],"show":[211],"incurs":[214],"4.27%":[215],"workloads,":[220],"while":[221],"experiences":[223],"31.89%":[224],"overhead.":[225],"Moreover,":[226],"requires":[228],"22.57%":[229],"lower":[230],"hardware":[231],"than":[233],"HyBP.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-17T00:00:00"}