{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408494979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3724409","title":"A Framework for Measuring and Benchmarking Fairness of Generative Crowd-Flow Models","display_name":"A Framework for Measuring and Benchmarking Fairness of Generative Crowd-Flow Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408494979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3724409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3724409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3724409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387291547","display_name":"ACM Journal on Computing and Sustainable Societies","issn_l":"2834-5533","issn":["2834-5533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Computing and Sustainable Societies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3724409","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiaqi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7370-2222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7370-2222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116645600","display_name":"Apoorva Sheera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apoorva Sheera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7259-2447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111876128","display_name":"J. M. McFarland","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138624","display_name":"University of Washington Bothell","ror":"https://ror.org/02ygzhr13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210138624"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack McFarland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing and Software Systems, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2688-3370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing and Software Systems, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109912054","display_name":"F. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feiyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States","University of Southern California,  Los Angeles, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8206-1196","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California,  Los Angeles, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116645601","display_name":"Manurag Khullar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922845939","display_name":"Philadelphia University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zzmyz63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manurag Khullar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States","University of Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3457-0765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922845939","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922845939","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116645602","display_name":"Sakshi Chavan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304256225","display_name":"University of Wisconsin System","ror":"https://ror.org/03ydkyb10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304256225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177405213","display_name":"Madison Area Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/002y1bq07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177405213"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakshi Chavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin Colleges, Madison, United States","University of Wisconsin Colleges,  Madison, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0741-3826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin Colleges, Madison, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074","https://openalex.org/I177405213","https://openalex.org/I1304256225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin Colleges,  Madison, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084772545","display_name":"Bernease Herman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5453-4994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernease Herman","raw_affiliation_strings":["eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5453-4994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092240683","display_name":"Ekin U\u011furel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0849-4688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24796534","display_name":"Washington College","ror":"https://ror.org/02vk0qj37","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24796534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ekin Ugurel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington College of Engineering, Seattle, United States","University of Washington College of Engineering,  Seattle, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0849-4688","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington College of Engineering, Seattle, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington College of Engineering,  Seattle, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58610484","https://openalex.org/I24796534","https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061449471","display_name":"Afra Mashhadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-4438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138624","display_name":"University of Washington Bothell","ror":"https://ror.org/02ygzhr13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210138624"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afra Mashhadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing and Software Systems, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-4438","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing and Software Systems, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138624"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06438106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.8415945768356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5571336150169373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5529876351356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.46611931920051575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fairness-measure","display_name":"Fairness measure","score":0.45365726947784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2915428876876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.21713918447494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16826018691062927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.8415945768356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5571336150169373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5529876351356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46611931920051575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11867375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5430671","display_name":"Fairness measure","level":4,"score":0.45365726947784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2915428876876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.21713918447494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16826018691062927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3724409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3724409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387291547","display_name":"ACM Journal on Computing and Sustainable Societies","issn_l":"2834-5533","issn":["2834-5533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Computing and Sustainable Societies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3724409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3724409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387291547","display_name":"ACM Journal on Computing and Sustainable Societies","issn_l":"2834-5533","issn":["2834-5533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Computing and Sustainable Societies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6470346407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-2304213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534756975","https://openalex.org/W1591773685","https://openalex.org/W1819662813","https://openalex.org/W2006219497","https://openalex.org/W2057176681","https://openalex.org/W2058586158","https://openalex.org/W2070902181","https://openalex.org/W2090978188","https://openalex.org/W2097699073","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2125084340","https://openalex.org/W2133400794","https://openalex.org/W2145015461","https://openalex.org/W2148616314","https://openalex.org/W2165794458","https://openalex.org/W2297198091","https://openalex.org/W2318951588","https://openalex.org/W2334591607","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2622969666","https://openalex.org/W2760942449","https://openalex.org/W2834101942","https://openalex.org/W2885312348","https://openalex.org/W2901215701","https://openalex.org/W2903059762","https://openalex.org/W2908375445","https://openalex.org/W2945776595","https://openalex.org/W2963934714","https://openalex.org/W2972348273","https://openalex.org/W2981033335","https://openalex.org/W2982862412","https://openalex.org/W2994901268","https://openalex.org/W2998192266","https://openalex.org/W3013594674","https://openalex.org/W3016703211","https://openalex.org/W3017195291","https://openalex.org/W3019051739","https://openalex.org/W3033688252","https://openalex.org/W3081248760","https://openalex.org/W3092477593","https://openalex.org/W3134574373","https://openalex.org/W3152436735","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3190695173","https://openalex.org/W3203297078","https://openalex.org/W3212356641","https://openalex.org/W3217016897","https://openalex.org/W4211049159","https://openalex.org/W4231147484","https://openalex.org/W4281651051","https://openalex.org/W4297184121","https://openalex.org/W4309590379","https://openalex.org/W4310238833","https://openalex.org/W4367625882","https://openalex.org/W4382989325","https://openalex.org/W4387460511","https://openalex.org/W4391807009","https://openalex.org/W4391971843","https://openalex.org/W4392367760","https://openalex.org/W4392384923","https://openalex.org/W4392573904","https://openalex.org/W6638208828","https://openalex.org/W6804292666"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"population":[1],"growth":[2],"has":[3],"significantly":[4],"complicated":[5],"the":[6,54,99,124,130,141],"management":[7],"of":[8,37,56,64,87,101,132],"mobility":[9,145],"systems,":[10],"demanding":[11],"innovative":[12],"tools":[13],"for":[14,42,69,98,126,163],"planning.":[15,45],"Generative":[16],"Crowd-Flow":[17],"(GCF)":[18],"models,":[19],"which":[20],"leverage":[21,160],"machine":[22,150],"learning":[23],"to":[24,50,83,105,154],"simulate":[25],"urban":[26,44,156,166],"movement":[27],"patterns,":[28],"offer":[29],"a":[30,61,78,116],"promising":[31],"solution":[32],"but":[33],"lack":[34],"sufficient":[35],"evaluation":[36],"their":[38],"fairness\u2013a":[39],"critical":[40],"factor":[41],"equitable":[43,165],"We":[46],"present":[47],"an":[48],"approach":[49,82],"measure":[51],"and":[52,121,147,158],"benchmark":[53],"fairness":[55,65,148],"GCF":[57,103,161],"models":[58,104,108,162],"by":[59],"developing":[60],"first-of-its-kind":[62],"set":[63],"metrics":[66],"specifically":[67],"tailored":[68],"this":[70,136,138],"purpose.":[71],"Using":[72],"observed":[73],"flow":[74],"data,":[75],"we":[76],"employ":[77],"stochastic":[79],"biased":[80],"sampling":[81],"generate":[84],"multiple":[85,102],"permutations":[86],"Origin-Destination":[88],"datasets,":[89],"each":[90],"demonstrating":[91],"intentional":[92],"bias.":[93],"Our":[94],"proposed":[95],"framework":[96],"allows":[97],"comparison":[100],"evaluate":[106],"how":[107],"introduce":[109],"bias":[110],"in":[111,129,149],"outputs.":[112],"Preliminary":[113],"results":[114],"indicate":[115],"tradeoff":[117],"between":[118,143],"model":[119],"accuracy":[120],"fairness,":[122],"underscoring":[123],"need":[125],"careful":[127],"consideration":[128],"deployment":[131],"these":[133],"technologies.":[134],"To":[135],"end,":[137],"study":[139],"bridges":[140],"gap":[142],"human":[144],"literature":[146],"learning,":[151],"with":[152],"potential":[153],"help":[155],"planners":[157],"policymakers":[159],"more":[164],"infrastructure":[167],"development.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}