{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410237069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3723498.3725723","title":"Bridging Faithfulness of Explanations and Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Grad-CAM Analysis of Space Invaders","display_name":"Bridging Faithfulness of Explanations and Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Grad-CAM Analysis of Space Invaders","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410237069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3723498.3725723"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3723498.3725723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3723498.3725723","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3723498.3725723","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3723498.3725723","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117493967","display_name":"Leendert Johannes Tanis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leendert Johannes Tanis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0117-8808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084968450","display_name":"Rafael Fernandes Cunha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3877-0994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Fernandes Cunha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3877-0994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057131014","display_name":"Marco Zullich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9920-9095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Zullich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9920-9095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04445062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.7952057123184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6526892185211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5441291332244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5182873606681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.48322591185569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4680813252925873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22080543637275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10543379187583923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.07962998747825623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.7952057123184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6526892185211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5441291332244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5182873606681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.48322591185569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4680813252925873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22080543637275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10543379187583923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.07962998747825623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3723498.3725723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3723498.3725723","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3723498.3725723","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/12a67214-1bc3-4c88-8953-42f5c06ac4e8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/12a67214-1bc3-4c88-8953-42f5c06ac4e8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tanis, L J, Cunha, R F & Zullich, M 2025, Bridging Faithfulness of Explanations and Deep Reinforcement Learning : A Grad-CAM Analysis of Space Invaders. in J Pirker, F Kayali, K Spiel, S Harrer, S Harrer, A Khalifa & G A B Barros (eds), Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, FDG 2025., 76, Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, FDG 2025, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, FDG 2025, Vienna, Austria, 15/04/2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3723498.3725723","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/12a67214-1bc3-4c88-8953-42f5c06ac4e8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/12a67214-1bc3-4c88-8953-42f5c06ac4e8","pdf_url":"https://research.rug.nl/files/1355916463/3723498.3725723.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tanis, L J, Cunha, R F & Zullich, M 2025, Bridging Faithfulness of Explanations and Deep Reinforcement Learning : A Grad-CAM Analysis of Space Invaders. in J Pirker, F Kayali, K Spiel, S Harrer, S Harrer, A Khalifa & G A B Barros (eds), Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, FDG 2025., 76, Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, FDG 2025, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games, FDG 2025, Vienna, Austria, 15/04/2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3723498.3725723","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3723498.3725723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3723498.3725723","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3723498.3725723","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410237069.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410237069.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2754517384","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2772709170","https://openalex.org/W2975704836","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3124922852","https://openalex.org/W4225834215","https://openalex.org/W4296190791","https://openalex.org/W4321786089","https://openalex.org/W4387818685","https://openalex.org/W4388283660","https://openalex.org/W4402363902","https://openalex.org/W6950609307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408719353","https://openalex.org/W4388870064","https://openalex.org/W2210139803","https://openalex.org/W4235186151","https://openalex.org/W2054685365","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2056057048","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2667588871","https://openalex.org/W2920061524"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,18,35,39,48,71,80,84,87,99,104,107,118,146,152,159,187],"increasing":[2],"pervasiveness":[3],"of":[4,21,37,41,47,70,106,130,148,155,161,196],"artificial":[5],"neural":[6,139],"networks":[7,140],"in":[8,17,27,184,200],"real-world":[9],"applications,":[10],"regulations":[11],"have":[12],"started":[13],"enforcing":[14],"greater":[15],"transparency":[16],"predictive":[19],"dynamics":[20],"these":[22,149],"models.In":[23],"recent":[24],"years,":[25],"research":[26],"Explainable":[28],"AI":[29],"(XAI)":[30],"has":[31,63],"gained":[32],"traction,":[33],"with":[34,141],"goal":[36],"enhancing":[38],"interpretability":[40],"black":[42],"box":[43],"models.However,":[44],"while":[45],"most":[46],"efforts":[49],"are":[50],"aimed":[51],"at":[52],"supervised":[53],"learning":[54,68],"on":[55],"tabular":[56],"or":[57],"image":[58],"data,":[59],"comparatively":[60],"less":[61],"interest":[62],"been":[64],"posed":[65],"to":[66,75,116,214],"reinforcement":[67],"(RL).One":[69],"main":[72],"issues":[73],"connected":[74],"explainability":[76],"is":[77],"represented":[78],"by":[79,128],"potential":[81],"misalignment":[82],"between":[83],"explanations":[85,108,150],"and":[86,203],"models'":[88],"true":[89],"decision-making":[90],"process,":[91],"potentially":[92],"providing,":[93],"e.g.,":[94],"misleading":[95],"feature":[96,125],"importance":[97,126],"outputs.In":[98],"present":[100],"work,":[101],"we":[102],"investigate":[103],"faithfulness":[105,147,174,185],"generated":[109],"for":[110,137,164],"an":[111,181],"Advantage":[112],"Actor-Critic":[113],"model":[114],"trained":[115],"play":[117],"Space":[119],"Invaders":[120],"Atari":[121],"2600":[122],"game.We":[123],"generate":[124],"heatmaps":[127],"means":[129],"Grad-CAM,":[131],"a":[132,162],"popular":[133],"XAI":[134,198],"tool":[135],"designed":[136],"convolutional":[138],"image-based":[142],"inputs.We":[143],"then":[144],"evaluate":[145],"via":[151],"Iterative":[153],"Removal":[154],"Features":[156],"(IROF)":[157],"metric.While":[158],"absence":[160],"baseline":[163],"IROF":[165],"scores":[166],"complicates":[167],"result":[168],"interpretation,":[169],"our":[170],"findings":[171],"indicate":[172],"that":[173,205],"estimates":[175],"exhibit":[176],"considerable":[177],"noise.We":[178],"further":[179],"observe":[180],"overall":[182],"decrease":[183],"as":[186],"game":[188],"progresses":[189],"towards":[190],"its":[191],"end.Our":[192],"study":[193],"highlights":[194],"limitations":[195],"current":[197],"techniques":[199],"RL":[201,215],"contexts":[202],"suggests":[204],"future":[206],"work":[207],"should":[208],"explore":[209],"alternative":[210],"methodologies":[211],"better":[212],"suited":[213],"tasks.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
