{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408256747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3722213","title":"Testbeds and Evaluation Frameworks for Anomaly Detection within Built Environments: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Testbeds and Evaluation Frameworks for Anomaly Detection within Built Environments: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408256747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3722213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3722213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3722213","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3722213","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3722213","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116552387","display_name":"Mohammed Alosaimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7299-1014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Alosaimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Computer Science and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Computer Science and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia","Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Computer Science and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021973291","display_name":"Omer Rana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-2646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omer Rana","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science &amp; Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","School of Computer Science &amp; Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science &amp; Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science &amp; Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060972706","display_name":"Charith Perera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0190-3346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charith Perera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Cardiff University,  Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff University,  Cardiff, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116552387"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786","https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1792,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97207333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"9","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8823127746582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6412869691848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.38423997163772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.31523388624191284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8823127746582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6412869691848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38423997163772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31523388624191284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3722213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3722213","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3722213","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:163554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/163554/1/Testbeds_and_Evaluation_Frameworks_for_Anomaly_Detection_within_Built_Environments_A_Systematic_Review.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:176813","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/view/cardiffauthors/A2665937F.html>,","pdf_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/176813/1/Mohammed_PAPER_01_March_2025_V1%20%282%29.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3722213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3722213","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3722213","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1361938442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3895198891","display_name":"National Edge AI Hub for Real Data: Edge Intelligence for Cyber-disturbances and Data Quality","funder_award_id":"EP/Y028813/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G521268540","display_name":"PETRAS 2","funder_award_id":"EP/S035362/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312768","display_name":"GCHQ","ror":"https://ror.org/052mq0r90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408256747.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":155,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522256623","https://openalex.org/W1556660689","https://openalex.org/W1650566461","https://openalex.org/W1675370436","https://openalex.org/W1970506880","https://openalex.org/W1972629404","https://openalex.org/W1995443851","https://openalex.org/W2001461029","https://openalex.org/W2015200434","https://openalex.org/W2016634126","https://openalex.org/W2043336925","https://openalex.org/W2073874616","https://openalex.org/W2093331366","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2105088829","https://openalex.org/W2109293916","https://openalex.org/W2111600801","https://openalex.org/W2115886788","https://openalex.org/W2117699769","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2127766871","https://openalex.org/W2128332586","https://openalex.org/W2131590266","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2138862736","https://openalex.org/W2163998525","https://openalex.org/W2188584537","https://openalex.org/W2283215193","https://openalex.org/W2287408518","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2401501243","https://openalex.org/W2485569983","https://openalex.org/W2495616653","https://openalex.org/W2515822248","https://openalex.org/W2559987443","https://openalex.org/W2574448563","https://openalex.org/W2576128456","https://openalex.org/W2586534089","https://openalex.org/W2588071164","https://openalex.org/W2599354622","https://openalex.org/W2601474892","https://openalex.org/W2604710172","https://openalex.org/W2611471865","https://openalex.org/W2743138268","https://openalex.org/W2747428077","https://openalex.org/W2755418175","https://openalex.org/W2765467597","https://openalex.org/W2782399856","https://openalex.org/W2786986964","https://openalex.org/W2794145874","https://openalex.org/W2806697149","https://openalex.org/W2807955733","https://openalex.org/W2809211248","https://openalex.org/W2883406216","https://openalex.org/W2886326201","https://openalex.org/W2888505697","https://openalex.org/W2895909303","https://openalex.org/W2898324314","https://openalex.org/W2902711202","https://openalex.org/W2904539465","https://openalex.org/W2908140179","https://openalex.org/W2913497771","https://openalex.org/W2917878349","https://openalex.org/W2918078793","https://openalex.org/W2918115809","https://openalex.org/W2930144424","https://openalex.org/W2941141808","https://openalex.org/W2942910248","https://openalex.org/W2947104347","https://openalex.org/W2949848919","https://openalex.org/W2952589828","https://openalex.org/W2962899415","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2963971397","https://openalex.org/W2964063558","https://openalex.org/W2967051971","https://openalex.org/W2977135810","https://openalex.org/W2979644663","https://openalex.org/W2980558733","https://openalex.org/W2988035443","https://openalex.org/W3000399218","https://openalex.org/W3004207920","https://openalex.org/W3012149977","https://openalex.org/W3012252768","https://openalex.org/W3013236980","https://openalex.org/W3013357131","https://openalex.org/W3014359198","https://openalex.org/W3033459082","https://openalex.org/W3040564040","https://openalex.org/W3044515030","https://openalex.org/W3049071473","https://openalex.org/W3049119214","https://openalex.org/W3089002915","https://openalex.org/W3090685813","https://openalex.org/W3094345499","https://openalex.org/W3096662812","https://openalex.org/W3104616090","https://openalex.org/W3105324058","https://openalex.org/W3107249503","https://openalex.org/W3109376429","https://openalex.org/W3116896408","https://openalex.org/W3127059019","https://openalex.org/W3127413902","https://openalex.org/W3131624404","https://openalex.org/W3154632051","https://openalex.org/W3157090383","https://openalex.org/W3157680283","https://openalex.org/W3160891011","https://openalex.org/W3162956350","https://openalex.org/W3164160032","https://openalex.org/W3166552890","https://openalex.org/W3172444956","https://openalex.org/W3172773436","https://openalex.org/W3174736870","https://openalex.org/W3184778778","https://openalex.org/W3184848855","https://openalex.org/W3185951490","https://openalex.org/W3193988822","https://openalex.org/W3200639136","https://openalex.org/W3209791287","https://openalex.org/W4200103572","https://openalex.org/W4205443935","https://openalex.org/W4205569879","https://openalex.org/W4206125877","https://openalex.org/W4206179653","https://openalex.org/W4211089413","https://openalex.org/W4226290276","https://openalex.org/W4232466571","https://openalex.org/W4232986896","https://openalex.org/W4233721861","https://openalex.org/W4235056837","https://openalex.org/W4239008535","https://openalex.org/W4241511027","https://openalex.org/W4241773428","https://openalex.org/W4248030190","https://openalex.org/W4252506956","https://openalex.org/W4255911997","https://openalex.org/W4287751209","https://openalex.org/W4289236186","https://openalex.org/W4293093536","https://openalex.org/W4300850450","https://openalex.org/W4306160043","https://openalex.org/W4308090777","https://openalex.org/W4312673899","https://openalex.org/W4315795808","https://openalex.org/W4367319881","https://openalex.org/W4382281941","https://openalex.org/W4387789547","https://openalex.org/W4390585680","https://openalex.org/W4391407085","https://openalex.org/W4399120980","https://openalex.org/W4399835891","https://openalex.org/W4400648121","https://openalex.org/W4408256747","https://openalex.org/W6684456340"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,59,88,160,170,185],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"has":[5,65],"revolutionized":[6],"built":[7,93,186],"environments":[8],"by":[9,41,75],"enabling":[10],"seamless":[11],"data":[12],"exchange":[13],"among":[14],"devices":[15,24],"such":[16,123],"as":[17,78,124],"sensors,":[18],"actuators,":[19],"and":[20,37,86,106,119,127,137,143,152,158,174,183],"computers.":[21],"However,":[22],"IoT":[23,55,176],"often":[25],"lack":[26],"robust":[27],"security":[28],"mechanisms,":[29],"making":[30],"them":[31],"vulnerable":[32],"to":[33,140,150,167],"cyberattacks,":[34],"privacy":[35],"breaches,":[36],"operational":[38],"anomalies":[39],"caused":[40],"environmental":[42],"factors":[43],"or":[44],"device":[45,102],"faults.":[46],"While":[47],"anomaly":[48,89,109,161],"detection":[49,90,162],"techniques":[50,64],"are":[51],"critical":[52],"for":[53,82,108],"securing":[54],"systems,":[56,177],"the":[57,83,156,168,180],"role":[58],"testbeds":[60,77],"in":[61,92,154],"evaluating":[62],"these":[63],"been":[66],"largely":[67],"overlooked.":[68],"This":[69],"systematic":[70],"review":[71],"addresses":[72],"this":[73,145],"gap":[74],"treating":[76],"first-class":[79],"entities":[80],"essential":[81],"standardized":[84],"evaluation":[85,114],"validation":[87],"methods":[91,107],"environments.":[94,187],"We":[95,111],"analyze":[96],"testbed":[97,131,141],"characteristics,":[98],"including":[99],"infrastructure":[100],"configurations,":[101],"selection,":[103],"user-interaction":[104],"models,":[105],"generation.":[110],"also":[112],"examine":[113],"frameworks,":[115],"highlighting":[116],"key":[117],"metrics":[118],"integrating":[120],"emerging":[121],"technologies":[122],"edge":[125],"computing":[126],"5G":[128],"networks":[129],"into":[130],"design.":[132],"By":[133],"providing":[134],"a":[135],"structured":[136],"comprehensive":[138],"approach":[139],"development":[142,169],"evaluation,":[144],"paper":[146],"offers":[147],"valuable":[148],"guidance":[149],"researchers":[151],"practitioners":[153],"enhancing":[155],"reliability":[157],"effectiveness":[159],"systems.":[163],"Our":[164],"findings":[165],"contribute":[166],"more":[171],"secure,":[172],"adaptable,":[173],"scalable":[175],"ultimately":[178],"improving":[179],"security,":[181],"resilience,":[182],"efficiency":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
