{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408155588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721845","title":"PIN: Application-Level Consensus for Blockchain-Based Artificial Intelligence Frameworks","display_name":"PIN: Application-Level Consensus for Blockchain-Based Artificial Intelligence Frameworks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408155588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721845"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3721845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721845","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3721845","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492086750","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","issn_l":"2157-6904","issn":["2157-6904","2157-6912"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3721845","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028304777","display_name":"Tannishtha Devgun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112859197","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 di Camerino","ror":"https://ror.org/0005w8d69","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112859197"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tannishtha Devgun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy and International School of Advance Studies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy","Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy and International School of Advance Studies, University of Camerino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4751-2195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy and International School of Advance Studies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112859197"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy and International School of Advance Studies, University of Camerino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112859197","https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059124651","display_name":"Rahul Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3921-9512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IN","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy and Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India","Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy and School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3921-9512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy and Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy and School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157","https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075848381","display_name":"Gulshan Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-149X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IN","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gulshan Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padova, Italy and Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India","Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy and School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-149X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padova, Italy and Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650","https://openalex.org/I110360157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy and School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157","https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063847107","display_name":"Mauro Conti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-1934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauro Conti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy","Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-1934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028304777"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112859197","https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5549,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87251916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9269143342971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.890660285949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5172268152236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3482138514518738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22324901819229126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9269143342971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.890660285949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5172268152236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3482138514518738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22324901819229126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3721845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721845","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3721845","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492086750","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","issn_l":"2157-6904","issn":["2157-6904","2157-6912"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3721845","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721845","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3721845","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492086750","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","issn_l":"2157-6904","issn":["2157-6904","2157-6912"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408155588.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013613544","https://openalex.org/W2742131770","https://openalex.org/W2963067739","https://openalex.org/W2963540401","https://openalex.org/W2964548108","https://openalex.org/W3014517104","https://openalex.org/W3087463235","https://openalex.org/W3123459983","https://openalex.org/W3143466921","https://openalex.org/W3154581591","https://openalex.org/W3177095755","https://openalex.org/W3184869309","https://openalex.org/W3185951490","https://openalex.org/W3201807537","https://openalex.org/W3213307153","https://openalex.org/W3213409420","https://openalex.org/W3215288840","https://openalex.org/W3217550054","https://openalex.org/W4206185183","https://openalex.org/W4206802132","https://openalex.org/W4211263987","https://openalex.org/W4220764937","https://openalex.org/W4220993330","https://openalex.org/W4225112951","https://openalex.org/W4238398792","https://openalex.org/W4286360581","https://openalex.org/W4294733424","https://openalex.org/W4297399509","https://openalex.org/W4297521542","https://openalex.org/W4312296697","https://openalex.org/W4391976064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrating":[0],"AI":[1,14,22,73,152,243],"into":[2],"blockchain":[3,29,45,68,148],"consensus,":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6,227,236],"Proof-of-Learning":[7],"and":[8,30,38,46,69,96,124,136,149,162,180,191,203,213],"Proof":[9],"of":[10,79,129,158,201],"Useful":[11],"Work,":[12],"necessitates":[13],"enablers.":[15],"However,":[16],"current":[17],"consensus":[18,34,53,65,88,116,146,160,241],"protocols":[19,161],"cannot":[20],"ensure":[21],"enabler":[23,74],"quality,":[24,98],"crucial":[25],"for":[26,43,66,89,147,222],"AI-powered":[27],"distributed":[28,90],"federated":[31,47,70,104,120,165,224,231],"learning.":[32,48,121],"Traditional":[33],"middleware":[35],"between":[36],"network":[37],"application":[39,117],"layers":[40],"proves":[41],"inadequate":[42],"AI-focused":[44],"Thus,":[49,233],"an":[50,63,237],"AI-driven":[51,239],"application-level":[52,64,87,145,240],"with":[54,242],"quality-assured":[55],"enablers":[56,93],"is":[57,100,141],"imperative.":[58],"We":[59],"propose":[60],"Proof-of-INtelligence":[61],"(PIN),":[62],"AI-based":[67],"learning,":[71],"ensuring":[72],"quality.":[75],"To":[76],"the":[77,84,103,113,127,133,138,142,156,168,199],"best":[78],"our":[80,130],"knowledge,":[81],"PIN":[82,99,123,140,154,202,234],"pioneers":[83,150],"first":[85,114,143],"AI-centric":[86,144],"environments.":[91],"Employing":[92],"like":[94],"accuracy":[95,190,226],"training":[97],"showcased":[101],"in":[102,108,118],"learning":[105,111,166,225],"setup":[106],"\u201cPIN":[107],"BlOckchAin-based":[109],"fedeRateD":[110],"(PIN-BOARD),\u201d":[112],"AI-specific":[115],"blockchain-based":[119,164],"Both":[122],"PIN-BOARD":[125,217],"are":[126],"highlights":[128,208],"contributions":[131],"to":[132,229],"presented":[134],"work":[135],"emphasize":[137],"novelty.":[139],"decentralized":[151],"assurance;":[153],"addresses":[155],"limitations":[157],"existing":[159,230],"advances":[163],"through":[167],"novel":[169],"framework":[170],"called":[171],"PIN-BOARD.":[172,204],"Experimental":[173],"evaluation":[174,207],"involves":[175],"PIN\u2019s":[176,209],"accuracy,":[177],"confirmation":[178],"time,":[179],"a":[181],"new":[182],"AI-assurance":[183],"factor":[184],"metric.":[185],"PIN-BOARD\u2019s":[186],"assessment":[187],"includes":[188],"testing":[189],"reward":[192],"accuracy.":[193],"A":[194],"thorough":[195],"security":[196],"analysis":[197],"ensures":[198],"strength":[200],"The":[205],"comparative":[206],"20%":[210],"throughput":[211],"enhancement":[212],"efficient":[214,238],"artificial":[215],"index.":[216],"reduces":[218],"epochs":[219],"by":[220],"28.5%":[221],"peak":[223],"compared":[228],"models.":[232],"emerges":[235],"assurance.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}