{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412596208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721238.3730602","title":"Virtualized 3D Gaussians: Flexible Cluster-based Level-of-Detail System for Real-Time Rendering of Composed Scenes","display_name":"Virtualized 3D Gaussians: Flexible Cluster-based Level-of-Detail System for Real-Time Rendering of Composed Scenes","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412596208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721238.3730602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3721238.3730602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721238.3730602","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference Conference Papers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.06523","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065279474","display_name":"Xijie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3076-2595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xijie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026272753","display_name":"Linning Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1026-2410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linning Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109646328","display_name":"Lihan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2899-273X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010087030","display_name":"Dahua Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8865-7896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dahua Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101990493","display_name":"Bo Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0777-9232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and Feeling AI, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and Feeling AI, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065279474"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5437,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91684712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7258352041244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7215583324432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-rendering","display_name":"Real-time rendering","score":0.6001915335655212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.5401197671890259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.5237921476364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.466340035200119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32267022132873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10188359022140503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7258352041244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7215583324432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116921373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2816483","display_name":"Real-time rendering","level":3,"score":0.6001915335655212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.5401197671890259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5237921476364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.466340035200119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32267022132873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10188359022140503}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3721238.3730602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721238.3730602","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference Conference Papers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.06523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.06523","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.06523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/358812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/358812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference_Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.06523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.06523","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.06523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977985650","https://openalex.org/W1996061517","https://openalex.org/W2043710698","https://openalex.org/W2075010828","https://openalex.org/W2113634802","https://openalex.org/W2144205107","https://openalex.org/W2293404936","https://openalex.org/W2294294220","https://openalex.org/W2295329974","https://openalex.org/W2555608602","https://openalex.org/W2589222254","https://openalex.org/W2997211793","https://openalex.org/W3090531178","https://openalex.org/W3187004481","https://openalex.org/W3203570626","https://openalex.org/W3215769467","https://openalex.org/W4200150166","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4308205995","https://openalex.org/W4312325284","https://openalex.org/W4312713450","https://openalex.org/W4385275811","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4388482374","https://openalex.org/W4394974290","https://openalex.org/W4397028793","https://openalex.org/W4399115437","https://openalex.org/W4400581036","https://openalex.org/W4402715988","https://openalex.org/W4402716359","https://openalex.org/W4402716405","https://openalex.org/W4402726969","https://openalex.org/W4402727458","https://openalex.org/W4404525393","https://openalex.org/W4410204460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112265557","https://openalex.org/W2587906338","https://openalex.org/W291250033","https://openalex.org/W4205838854","https://openalex.org/W54172855","https://openalex.org/W2099339559","https://openalex.org/W2106647072","https://openalex.org/W4246858109","https://openalex.org/W2035757446","https://openalex.org/W2028281716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"3D":[0,10,20,60,81,91,164],"Gaussian":[1,21,92],"Splatting":[2],"(3DGS)":[3],"enables":[4],"the":[5,31,98],"reconstruction":[6],"of":[7,19,34,108,149],"intricate":[8],"digital":[9,36],"assets":[11,192],"from":[12],"multi-view":[13],"images":[14],"by":[15,72],"leveraging":[16],"a":[17,84,120,147],"set":[18],"primitives":[22],"for":[23,65,140,193],"rendering.":[24,67,144],"Its":[25],"explicit":[26],"and":[27,94,130,151,158,178],"discrete":[28],"representation":[29],"facilitates":[30],"seamless":[32],"composition":[33],"complex":[35],"worlds,":[37],"offering":[38],"significant":[39],"advantages":[40],"over":[41],"previous":[42],"neural":[43],"implicit":[44],"methods.":[45],"However,":[46],"when":[47],"applied":[48],"to":[49,101,124,166],"large-scale":[50],"compositions,":[51],"such":[52],"as":[53],"crowd-level":[54],"scenes,":[55,153],"it":[56],"can":[57],"encompass":[58],"numerous":[59],"Gaussians,":[61],"posing":[62],"substantial":[63],"challenges":[64],"real-time":[66],"To":[68],"address":[69],"this,":[70],"inspired":[71],"Unreal":[73],"Engine":[74],"5's":[75],"Nanite":[76],"system,":[77],"we":[78],"propose":[79],"Virtualized":[80],"Gaussians":[82,165],"(V3DG),":[83],"cluster-based":[85],"LOD":[86],"solution":[87,174],"that":[88,172,188],"constructs":[89],"hierarchical":[90,115],"clusters":[93,116,139],"dynamically":[95],"selects":[96],"only":[97],"necessary":[99],"ones":[100],"accelerate":[102],"rendering":[103,176,195],"speed.":[104],"Our":[105],"approach":[106],"consists":[107],"two":[109],"stages:":[110],"(1)":[111],"Offline":[112],"Build,":[113],"where":[114,134],"are":[117],"generated":[118],"using":[119],"local":[121],"splatting":[122],"method":[123],"minimize":[125],"visual":[126,179],"differences":[127],"across":[128,181],"granularities,":[129],"(2)":[131],"Online":[132],"Selection,":[133],"footprint":[135],"evaluation":[136],"determines":[137],"perceptible":[138],"efficient":[141],"rasterization":[142],"during":[143],"We":[145],"curate":[146],"dataset":[148],"synthetic":[150],"real-world":[152],"including":[154],"objects,":[155],"trees,":[156],"people,":[157],"buildings,":[159],"each":[160],"requiring":[161],"0.1":[162],"billion":[163],"capture":[167],"fine":[168],"details.":[169],"Experiments":[170],"show":[171],"our":[173],"balances":[175],"efficiency":[177],"quality":[180],"user-defined":[182],"tolerances,":[183],"facilitating":[184],"downstream":[185],"interactive":[186],"applications":[187],"compose":[189],"extensive":[190],"3DGS":[191],"consistent":[194],"performance.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}