{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408024913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721129","title":"LithoExp: Explainable Two-stage CNN-based Lithographic Hotspot Detection with Layout Defect Localization","display_name":"LithoExp: Explainable Two-stage CNN-based Lithographic Hotspot Detection with Layout Defect Localization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408024913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3721129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102595121","display_name":"Jiang Cong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology,  Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4961-4604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology,  Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103554971","display_name":"HB Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology,  Wuhan China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7223-6437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology,  Wuhan China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057421680","display_name":"Dan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4674-6006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4674-6006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075696558","display_name":"Zhiyao Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-592X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyao Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,  Hong Kong Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-592X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,  Hong Kong Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069388936","display_name":"Benjamin Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7642-3638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7642-3638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389879","display_name":"Kang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7231-8315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology,  Wuhan China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7231-8315","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology,  Wuhan China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5932,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94638665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8581525087356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hotspot","display_name":"Hotspot (geology)","score":0.7310066223144531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithography","display_name":"Lithography","score":0.6382601261138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.4601931869983673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4570387601852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3865223824977875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.09001076221466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.07442665100097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.07344919443130493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8581525087356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146481406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105131","display_name":"Hotspot (geology)","level":2,"score":0.7310066223144531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204223013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133036","display_name":"Lithography","level":2,"score":0.6382601261138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4601931869983673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4570387601852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3865223824977875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.09001076221466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.07442665100097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07344919443130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3721129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3721129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-147976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-147976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1162797831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8502132382","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023AFB237","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2008176598","https://openalex.org/W2012211646","https://openalex.org/W2057596653","https://openalex.org/W2068961782","https://openalex.org/W2131676429","https://openalex.org/W2157910601","https://openalex.org/W2169393322","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2538780316","https://openalex.org/W2596216784","https://openalex.org/W2750396644","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2804151869","https://openalex.org/W2806976363","https://openalex.org/W2809136100","https://openalex.org/W2909831073","https://openalex.org/W2914809781","https://openalex.org/W2945250736","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2964303497","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2996470693","https://openalex.org/W3000120900","https://openalex.org/W3027658987","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3048563620","https://openalex.org/W3083181217","https://openalex.org/W3097740790","https://openalex.org/W3121891885","https://openalex.org/W3132455321","https://openalex.org/W3150329878","https://openalex.org/W3169325548","https://openalex.org/W3176482836","https://openalex.org/W3199630607","https://openalex.org/W3214178105","https://openalex.org/W4200227931","https://openalex.org/W4206718721","https://openalex.org/W4288079630","https://openalex.org/W4385222311","https://openalex.org/W6730032367","https://openalex.org/W6739575509","https://openalex.org/W6772750526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379637199","https://openalex.org/W4406532822","https://openalex.org/W2405057786","https://openalex.org/W2501832907","https://openalex.org/W2063054109","https://openalex.org/W2079602762","https://openalex.org/W2580355466","https://openalex.org/W1888682135","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"(CNNs)":[3],"successfully":[4,226],"detect":[5],"lithographic":[6],"hotspots":[7],"by":[8,66,232],"learning":[9],"from":[10,139,237],"hand-designed":[11],"features":[12],"of":[13,45,60,96,123,148,222],"layout":[14,132],"patterns":[15],"or":[16],"entire":[17],"layouts,":[18],"as":[19,75,111,212],"images,":[20],"in":[21,107,196,205],"an":[22,83],"end-to-end":[23,127],"fashion.":[24],"However,":[25],"compared":[26,175],"to":[27,52,56,102,176],"lithography":[28,68],"simulation,":[29],"CNN-based":[30,86],"solutions":[31],"demonstrate":[32,183,219],"inferior":[33],"hotspot":[34,47,79,87,97,113,154,164,230],"detection":[35],"accuracy":[36,93,165],"and":[37,94,126,143,167,188,199,228],"a":[38,144],"high":[39],"false-alarm":[40,170],"rate.":[41],"Moreover,":[42],"the":[43,46,57,92,104,108,116,121,130,134,140,162,168,184,193,200,234],"interpretability":[44,95,190],"prediction":[48,235],"process":[49],"has":[50],"yet":[51],"be":[53],"considered":[54],"due":[55],"\u201cblack-box\u201d":[58],"nature":[59],"CNNs.":[61],"In":[62,115],"this":[63],"work,":[64],"inspired":[65],"conventional":[67],"simulation":[69],"where":[70],"defect":[71,105,136,240],"regions":[72],"are":[73,215],"simulated":[74],"direct":[76],"evidence":[77,236],"for":[78,152,158,225],"identification,":[80],"we":[81,119],"propose":[82],"explainable":[84],"two-stage":[85],"detector":[88],"that":[89],"considers":[90],"both":[91],"detection.":[98,155],"Our":[99],"architecture":[100],"learns":[101],"locate":[103],"areas":[106],"first":[109,141],"stage":[110],"extracted":[112],"features.":[114],"second":[117],"stage,":[118,142],"combine":[120],"strength":[122],"feature":[124],"engineering":[125],"learning,":[128],"incorporating":[129],"original":[131],"input,":[133],"learned":[135,239],"location":[137],"map":[138,151],"fixed":[145],"auxiliary":[146],"region":[147],"interest":[149],"(ROI)":[150],"final":[153],"Experimental":[156],"results":[157,191],"our":[159,223,238],"technique":[160,224],"exhibit":[161],"highest":[163,194],"(98.1%)":[166],"lowest":[169,201],"rate":[171],"(4.0%)":[172],"thus":[173],"far":[174],"all":[177],"prior":[178],"CNN":[179,208],"solutions.":[180],"We":[181,217],"also":[182],"best":[185],"overall":[186],"qualitative":[187],"quantitative":[189],"with":[192],"increase":[195],"confidence":[197],"(IC)":[198],"average":[202],"drop":[203],"(AD)":[204],"scores":[206],"when":[207],"interpretation":[209],"methods":[210],"such":[211],"Grad-CAM-based":[213],"approaches":[214],"applied.":[216],"further":[218],"use":[220],"cases":[221],"justifying":[227],"pinpointing":[229],"mispredictions":[231],"examining":[233],"locations.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
