{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416549388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765223","title":"PreferCare: Preference Dataset Copyright Protection in LLM Alignment by Watermark Injection and Verification","display_name":"PreferCare: Preference Dataset Copyright Protection in LLM Alignment by Watermark Injection and Verification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416549388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765223"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3719027.3765223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765223","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3719027.3765223","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3719027.3765223","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041918034","display_name":"Jian Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4110-2068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China and State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, 100878, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4110-2068","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China and State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, 100878, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chenyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5847-3575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, Xi'an, China and State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, 100878, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5847-3575","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Xi'an, China and State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, 100878, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990","https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419413","display_name":"Xiaoyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-5749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, Xi'an, China and State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, 100878, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-5749","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Xi'an, China and State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, 100878, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990","https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037706636","display_name":"Kai Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-6364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1852-6364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1817598,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4005","last_page":"4019"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.226500004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.226500004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.1143999993801117,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.10490000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.919700026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.7483000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6805999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4171000123023987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.919700026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.7483000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7343999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6805999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778223634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224952","display_name":"Suspect","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3719027.3765223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765223","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3719027.3765223","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3719027.3765223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765223","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3719027.3765223","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1349971534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206207","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3504150597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472345","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7293128182","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JC-QYCX-060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8057161717","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416549388.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2763110165","https://openalex.org/W4362714395","https://openalex.org/W4383199672","https://openalex.org/W4390421903","https://openalex.org/W4393160202","https://openalex.org/W4394947904","https://openalex.org/W4405203783","https://openalex.org/W4408749941","https://openalex.org/W4411337398","https://openalex.org/W4412886798","https://openalex.org/W6890025973"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,6,79,102,120,123,127,142,171],"urgent":[2],"need":[3],"to":[4,22,48,66,118,134],"enhance":[5],"safety":[7],"of":[8],"LLM":[9,139],"applications,":[10],"there":[11],"has":[12,140],"been":[13],"a":[14,105,111,137],"growing":[15],"focus":[16],"on":[17,39,150],"alignment":[18,30],"training":[19,35],"algorithms":[20,36],"designed":[21,117],"keep":[23],"large":[24],"language":[25],"models":[26],"(LLMs)":[27],"behaving":[28],"in":[29],"with":[31],"human":[32,50],"values.":[33],"Alignment":[34],"rely":[37],"heavily":[38],"preference":[40,84,124,144],"datasets,":[41],"which":[42],"are":[43,116],"essential":[44],"for":[45,83],"finetuning":[46],"LLMs":[47,153],"follow":[49],"preferences.":[51],"However,":[52],"generating":[53],"and":[54,61,91,99,110,162,167],"annotating":[55],"these":[56],"datasets":[57],"is":[58],"often":[59],"costly":[60],"labor-intensive,":[62],"making":[63],"it":[64],"critical":[65],"protect":[67],"their":[68],"copyright":[69,86],"against":[70],"unauthorized":[71],"use.":[72],"In":[73,101,126],"this":[74],"paper,":[75],"we":[76,130],"propose":[77],"PreferCare,":[78],"first":[80],"framework":[81],"tailor-made":[82],"dataset":[85,145],"protection":[87],"via":[88],"watermark":[89,108,113,121,172],"injection":[90,98,103],"verification.":[92,100],"PreferCare":[93,157],"comprises":[94],"two":[95],"consecutive":[96],"stages:":[97],"stage,":[104,129],"style":[106],"transfer-based":[107],"signal":[109],"bi-level":[112],"optimization":[114],"process":[115],"embed":[119],"into":[122],"dataset.":[125],"verification":[128],"employ":[131],"statistical":[132],"tests":[133],"determine":[135],"whether":[136],"suspect":[138],"used":[141],"watermarked":[143],"without":[146],"authorization.":[147],"Extensive":[148],"experiments":[149],"multiple":[151],"popular":[152],"have":[154],"demonstrated":[155],"that":[156],"achieves":[158],"effectiveness,":[159],"harmlessness,":[160],"transferability,":[161],"robustness":[163],"across":[164],"diverse":[165],"settings,":[166],"can":[168],"successfully":[169],"verify":[170],"within":[173],"20":[174],"queries.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T06:11:40.159057","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}
