{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416549393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765188","title":"mUOV: Masking the Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar Digital Signature Scheme at First- and Higher-Order","display_name":"mUOV: Masking the Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar Digital Signature Scheme at First- and Higher-Order","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416549393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3719027.3765188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765188","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/52335fe1-c836-45b3-b236-c09d6f8038f7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076712304","display_name":"Suparna Kundu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-852X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suparna Kundu","raw_affiliation_strings":["COSIC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-852X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COSIC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107404126","display_name":"Quinten Norga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0983-5664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quinten Norga","raw_affiliation_strings":["COSIC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0983-5664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COSIC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044163841","display_name":"Angshuman Karmakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-588X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angshuman Karmakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2594-588X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114634725","display_name":"Uttam Kumar Ojha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1640-4191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uttam Kumar Ojha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1640-4191","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112587948","display_name":"Anindya Ganguly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0219-9139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anindya Ganguly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0219-9139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082347771","display_name":"Ingrid Verbauwhede","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-076X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Verbauwhede","raw_affiliation_strings":["COSIC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-076X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COSIC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3589,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9233194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1994","last_page":"2008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.3666999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.3666999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.25999999046325684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.2102999985218048,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.7026000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.6575000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.5715000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-equation","display_name":"Quadratic equation","score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-analysis","display_name":"Power analysis","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.35109999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.7026000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.6575000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.607200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.5715000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71743495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845210","display_name":"Power analysis","level":3,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131426668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849203","display_name":"Electronic countermeasure","level":3,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159862308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q681101","display_name":"Linear feedback shift register","level":4,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3719027.3765188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765188","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/780925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/780925","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/52335fe1-c836-45b3-b236-c09d6f8038f7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer an Communications Security, Taipei, Taiwan, 13-17 October 2025","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/780925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/780925","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/52335fe1-c836-45b3-b236-c09d6f8038f7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer an Communications Security, Taipei, Taiwan, 13-17 October 2025","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416549393.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416549393.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96383189","https://openalex.org/W802019357","https://openalex.org/W1592625985","https://openalex.org/W2121121824","https://openalex.org/W2512955429","https://openalex.org/W2534456676","https://openalex.org/W2536698892","https://openalex.org/W2612018177","https://openalex.org/W2794781100","https://openalex.org/W2802802828","https://openalex.org/W2897800939","https://openalex.org/W2935641643","https://openalex.org/W2972962130","https://openalex.org/W3041378054","https://openalex.org/W3097085459","https://openalex.org/W3108763476","https://openalex.org/W3192820170","https://openalex.org/W3202691700","https://openalex.org/W4252227927","https://openalex.org/W4252865489","https://openalex.org/W4310480235","https://openalex.org/W4380086689","https://openalex.org/W4386308000","https://openalex.org/W4390856160","https://openalex.org/W4400836516","https://openalex.org/W4402808067","https://openalex.org/W4406309708"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,64,183],"the":[1,42,74,102,116,120,134,143,150,165,185,194],"recent":[2],"search":[3],"for":[4,114,158],"additional":[5],"post-quantum":[6],"designs,":[7],"multivariate":[8],"quadratic":[9],"equations":[10],"(MQE)":[11],"based":[12,61,78,107],"designs":[13],"have":[14,56],"been":[15,48,57],"receiving":[16],"attention":[17],"due":[18],"to":[19,72,100,173],"their":[20],"small":[21],"signature":[22,33,167],"sizes.":[23],"Unbalanced":[24],"Oil":[25],"and":[26,123,148,160,178],"Vinegar":[27],"(UOV)":[28],"is":[29,190],"an":[30],"MQE-based":[31],"digital":[32],"(DS)":[34],"scheme":[35],"proposed":[36],"over":[37],"two":[38],"decades":[39],"ago.":[40],"Although":[41],"mathematical":[43],"security":[44,186],"of":[45,105,153,169,187],"UOV":[46,60,77,106],"has":[47],"thoroughly":[49],"analyzed,":[50],"several":[51],"practical":[52,151],"side-channel":[53],"attacks":[54,91],"(SCA)":[55],"shown":[58],"on":[59],"DS":[62,79],"schemes.":[63,108],"this":[65],"work,":[66],"we":[67,94],"perform":[68],"a":[69,98],"thorough":[70],"analysis":[71],"identify":[73],"variables":[75],"in":[76,133],"schemes":[80],"that":[81,128,164],"can":[82],"be":[83],"exploited":[84],"with":[85],"passive":[86],"SCA,":[87],"specifically":[88],"differential":[89],"power":[90],"(DPA).":[92],"Secondly,":[93],"introduce":[95],"masking":[96,156],"as":[97],"countermeasure":[99],"protect":[101],"sensitive":[103],"components":[104],"We":[109,126,146,162],"propose":[110],"efficient":[111],"masked":[112,121,166],"gadgets":[113,130],"all":[115],"critical":[117],"operations,":[118],"including":[119],"dot-product":[122],"matrix-vector":[124],"multiplication.":[125],"show":[127,163],"our":[129,154,188],"are":[131],"secure":[132],"t-probing":[135],"model":[136],"through":[137],"formal":[138],"proofs,":[139],"mechanically":[140],"verified":[141],"using":[142,193],"maskVerif":[144],"tool.":[145],"implemented":[147],"demonstrated":[149],"feasibility":[152],"arbitrary-order":[155],"algorithms":[157],"UOV-Ip":[159,170],"UOV-III.":[161],"generation":[168],"performs":[171],"up":[172],"62%":[174],"better":[175,180],"than":[176,181],"ML-DSA-44":[177],"99%":[179],"Falcon-512.":[182],"addition,":[184],"implementation":[189],"practically":[191],"validated":[192],"test":[195],"vector":[196],"leakage":[197],"assessment":[198],"(TVLA)":[199],"methodology.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}