{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416549309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765080","title":"Leveraging Discrete CKKS to Bootstrap in High Precision","display_name":"Leveraging Discrete CKKS to Bootstrap in High Precision","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416549309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765080"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3719027.3765080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765080","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016895662","display_name":"Hyeongmin Choe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-4349"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyeongmin Choe","raw_affiliation_strings":["CryptoLab Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CryptoLab Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101416235","display_name":"Jaehyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1624-6326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050316793","display_name":"Damien Stehl\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3435-2453"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damien Stehl\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["CryptoLab Inc., Lyon, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CryptoLab Inc., Lyon, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115060194","display_name":"Elias Suvanto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2096-4698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elias Suvanto","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016895662"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50532713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1083","last_page":"1097"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.5339999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.5339999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.36809998750686646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11435","display_name":"Polynomial and algebraic computation","score":0.027499999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.8422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7445999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-parameter","display_name":"Security parameter","score":0.35269999504089355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.8422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7445999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6172999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776711565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445058","display_name":"Security parameter","level":3,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42747912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048447","display_name":"Multiplicative function","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3719027.3765080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765080","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W198033559","https://openalex.org/W1491861813","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2048994663","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2400700555","https://openalex.org/W2499340481","https://openalex.org/W2554750353","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2794501668","https://openalex.org/W2794974431","https://openalex.org/W2903536544","https://openalex.org/W2985527074","https://openalex.org/W2990280959","https://openalex.org/W3079221395","https://openalex.org/W3094696138","https://openalex.org/W3114221980","https://openalex.org/W3169180249","https://openalex.org/W3184856066","https://openalex.org/W4285208040","https://openalex.org/W4307823778","https://openalex.org/W4308643074","https://openalex.org/W4312331389","https://openalex.org/W4320155041","https://openalex.org/W4386952452","https://openalex.org/W4388125611","https://openalex.org/W4388858642","https://openalex.org/W4388925834","https://openalex.org/W4394998599","https://openalex.org/W4405181463","https://openalex.org/W4405184825","https://openalex.org/W4405304317","https://openalex.org/W4412939619","https://openalex.org/W4413460091"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,87,127],"CKKS":[1,78],"fully":[2],"homomorphic":[3,94],"encryption":[4],"(FHE)":[5],"scheme":[6],"enables":[7],"computations":[8],"on":[9],"vectors":[10],"of":[11,18,71,85,99],"approximate":[12],"complex":[13],"numbers.":[14],"A":[15],"moderate":[16],"precision":[17,30,60,70],"\u2248":[19,72],"20":[20],"bits":[21],"often":[22],"suffices":[23],"but,":[24],"in":[25,105],"many":[26],"applications,":[27],"a":[28,59,69],"higher":[29],"is":[31,79,90],"required":[32],"for":[33],"functionality":[34],"and/or":[35],"security.":[36],"Indeed,":[37],"to":[38,68,81,119,123,140],"obtain":[39],"IND-CPA-D":[40],"security":[41],"[Li-Micciancio;":[42],"Eurocrypt'21],":[43],"secure":[44],"threshold-FHE":[45],"[Asharov":[46],"et":[47,132],"al;":[48,133],"Eurocrypt'12]":[49],"and":[50],"circuit":[51],"privacy":[52],"[Gentry;":[53],"STOC'09],":[54],"all":[55],"known":[56,109],"approaches":[57],"require":[58],"that":[61,116],"supports":[62],"noise":[63],"flooding.":[64],"This":[65],"may":[66],"lead":[67],"80":[73],"bits,":[74],"or":[75],"more.":[76],"High-precision":[77],"hard":[80],"achieve,":[82],"notably":[83],"because":[84],"bootstrapping.":[86],"main":[88],"difficulty":[89],"modulus":[91,102,115,146],"consumption:":[92],"every":[93],"multiplication":[95],"consumes":[96],"some,":[97],"out":[98],"an":[100],"overall":[101],"budget.":[103,126],"Unfortunately,":[104],"high":[106],"precision,":[107],"most":[108],"bootstrapping":[110,137,151],"algorithms":[111],"consume":[112],"so":[113],"much":[114],"one":[117],"needs":[118],"increase":[120,124],"the":[121,125,149],"parameters":[122],"state-of-the-art":[128],"approach,":[129],"Meta-BTS":[130],"[Bae":[131],"CCS'22],":[134],"performs":[135],"moderate-precision":[136],"several":[138],"times":[139],"enable":[141],"high-precision":[142],"bootstrapping,":[143],"with":[144],"similar":[145],"consumption":[147],"as":[148],"base":[150],"it":[152],"builds":[153],"upon.":[154],"It":[155],"however":[156],"damages":[157],"latency.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}