{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416549332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765021","title":"CHaRM: Checkpointed and Hashed Counters for Flexible and Efficient Rowhammer Mitigation","display_name":"CHaRM: Checkpointed and Hashed Counters for Flexible and Efficient Rowhammer Mitigation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416549332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765021"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3719027.3765021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765021","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765021","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086840679","display_name":"Ali Hajiabadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-7544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Hajiabadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3219-7544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018794206","display_name":"Michele Marazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4124-0946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885143765","display_name":"ABB (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks5vt51","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885143765"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Marazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ABB Research, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4124-0946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ABB Research, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885143765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082033768","display_name":"Kaveh Razavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8588-7100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaveh Razavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8588-7100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33624481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2534","last_page":"2548"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.8567000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.8567000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.09059999883174896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.018200000748038292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.8682000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/row","display_name":"Row","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5573999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.36039999127388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.8682000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135598885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366302","display_name":"Row","level":2,"score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5573999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780117330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192186","display_name":"Superconducting Super Collider","level":4,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105446022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445962","display_name":"Legacy system","level":3,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778944870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q692062","display_name":"Yankee","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3719027.3765021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765021","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3719027.3765021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3719027.3765021","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2725159389","https://openalex.org/W4214481814"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"efforts":[1],"by":[2,83,169],"DRAM":[3,39,45],"vendors":[4,16],"to":[5,19,26,32,61,91,104,181],"mitigate":[6],"Rowhammer,":[7],"it":[8],"is":[9,47,58,138],"still":[10],"a":[11,86,92,105,122,136],"potent":[12],"attack":[13],"vector.":[14],"CPU":[15],"are":[17,101],"reluctant":[18],"deploy":[20],"deterministic":[21],"mitigations":[22],"against":[23],"Rowhammer":[24,72,161,176],"due":[25],"the":[27,36,59,70,127,133,182,185],"high":[28,56],"cost":[29,57],"that":[30,125,152],"needs":[31],"be":[33],"paid":[34],"for":[35,54,175],"most":[37],"vulnerable":[38],"device,":[40],"even":[41],"though":[42],"an":[43,63],"average":[44],"device":[46],"considerably":[48],"less":[49],"vulnerable.":[50],"The":[51],"main":[52],"reason":[53],"this":[55,81],"need":[60],"track":[62],"increasing":[64],"number":[65,88,94,107],"of":[66,89,95,108,129,178,184],"aggressor":[67],"rows":[68,90,100,130],"with":[69],"worsening":[71],"threshold.":[73],"Our":[74,149],"proposed":[75],"in-CPU":[76],"mitigation,":[77],"called":[78],"CHaRM,":[79],"breaks":[80],"dependency":[82],"efficiently":[84],"mapping":[85],"large":[87],"fixed":[93],"hashed":[96],"counters.":[97],"Since":[98],"multiple":[99],"now":[102],"mapped":[103],"limited":[106],"counters,":[109],"collisions":[110],"can":[111],"occur.":[112],"To":[113],"avoid":[114],"excessive":[115],"mitigative":[116],"refreshes":[117],"upon":[118],"collisions,":[119],"CHaRM":[120,141,153],"deploys":[121],"checkpointing":[123],"mechanism":[124],"saves":[126],"state":[128,183],"evicted":[131],"from":[132],"table.":[134],"When":[135],"row":[137],"activated":[139],"again,":[140],"restores":[142],"its":[143],"checkpointed":[144],"value":[145],"and":[146,167,172],"resumes":[147],"tracking.":[148],"evaluation":[150],"shows":[151],"incurs":[154],"negligible":[155],"slowdown,":[156],"below":[157],"1%":[158],"across":[159],"all":[160],"thresholds,":[162],"while":[163],"improving":[164],"area,":[165],"power,":[166],"energy":[168],"3.8x,":[170],"4.4x,":[171],"8.2x,":[173],"respectively,":[174],"threshold":[177],"1K":[179],"compared":[180],"art.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}