{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413756587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718958.3750492","title":"Formalizing Dependence of Web Infrastructure","display_name":"Formalizing Dependence of Web Infrastructure","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413756587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718958.3750492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3718958.3750492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718958.3750492","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3718958.3750492","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2025 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3718958.3750492","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082829904","display_name":"Rumaisa Habib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1071-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rumaisa Habib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061375468","display_name":"Kimberly Ruth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-4272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimberly Ruth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085735887","display_name":"Gautam Akiwate","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1359-1722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Akiwate","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069939742","display_name":"Zakir Durumeric","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9647-4192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zakir Durumeric","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082829904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0778,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92907327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1132","last_page":"1153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9692000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6648619174957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3600725531578064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6648619174957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3600725531578064}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3718958.3750492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718958.3750492","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3718958.3750492","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2025 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3718958.3750492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718958.3750492","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3718958.3750492","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2025 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3232753031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2319080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6894402473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308507","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413756587.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413756587.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W568887866","https://openalex.org/W2001637908","https://openalex.org/W2125101937","https://openalex.org/W2395150632","https://openalex.org/W2734941459","https://openalex.org/W2768480737","https://openalex.org/W2788125071","https://openalex.org/W2913650309","https://openalex.org/W3032408677","https://openalex.org/W3044183949","https://openalex.org/W3090913449","https://openalex.org/W3095730670","https://openalex.org/W3172124585","https://openalex.org/W4205367448","https://openalex.org/W4213069590","https://openalex.org/W4214539449","https://openalex.org/W4312783374","https://openalex.org/W4324009302","https://openalex.org/W4353004773","https://openalex.org/W4365806382","https://openalex.org/W4389942256","https://openalex.org/W4403981167"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,22,28,67,85,131],"past":[2],"decade,":[3],"Internet":[4,55,137],"centralization":[5,74],"and":[6,12,75,90],"its":[7],"implications":[8],"for":[9,37,54,133],"privacy,":[10],"resilience,":[11],"innovation":[13],"have":[14],"become":[15],"a":[16,34,50,97],"topic":[17],"of":[18,30,80,88,99,112,136],"active":[19],"debate.":[20],"While":[21],"networking":[23],"community":[24],"informally":[25],"agrees":[26],"on":[27,66],"definition":[29],"centralization,":[31],"we":[32,48,60,103],"lack":[33],"formal":[35],"metric":[36,53],"quantifying":[38],"it,":[39],"which":[40,102],"has":[41],"limited":[42],"in-depth":[43],"analysis.":[44],"In":[45,57],"this":[46,125],"work,":[47],"introduce":[49],"rigorous":[51],"statistical":[52,100,126],"centralization.":[56,70],"doing":[58],"so,":[59],"also":[61],"uncover":[62],"how":[63],"regionalization\u2014geopolitical":[64],"dependence":[65,81,108],"Internet\u2014fundamentally":[68],"affects":[69],"We":[71,95,122],"argue":[72],"that":[73,82,124],"regionalization":[76],"are":[77],"intertwined":[78],"forms":[79],"both":[83],"affect":[84],"lived":[86],"experiences":[87],"users":[89],"should":[91],"be":[92],"jointly":[93],"studied.":[94],"develop":[96],"suite":[98],"tools,":[101],"use":[104],"to":[105],"better":[106],"understand":[107],"across":[109],"three":[110],"layers":[111],"web":[113],"infrastructure\u2014hosting":[114],"providers,":[115],"DNS":[116],"infrastructure,":[117],"certificate":[118],"authorities\u2014in":[119],"150":[120],"countries.":[121],"hope":[123],"toolkit":[127],"can":[128],"serve":[129],"as":[130],"foundation":[132],"future":[134],"analysis":[135],"behavior.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}