{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407766179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718737","title":"Toward Understanding FPGA Synthesis Tool Bugs","display_name":"Toward Understanding FPGA Synthesis Tool Bugs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407766179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3718737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108823933","display_name":"Yi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3785-9324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology , China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3785-9324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002119636","display_name":"He Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8674-4948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian University of Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8674-4948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian University of Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018071549","display_name":"Shikai Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-6365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shikai Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian Maritime University, The Dalian Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-6365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, The Dalian Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328758","display_name":"Xiaochen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-1938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-1938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024721944","display_name":"Hui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-6801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology , China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-6801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003673476","display_name":"Chongyang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-8994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongyang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology , China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-8994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6386,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61699603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8116347789764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8112826943397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5890278816223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.5656949877738953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-cause","display_name":"Root cause","score":0.45974570512771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4100390672683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.23085489869117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1889941394329071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8116347789764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8112826943397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5890278816223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.5656949877738953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.45974570512771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4100390672683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.23085489869117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1889941394329071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3718737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109452506","https://openalex.org/W1915301661","https://openalex.org/W2039052699","https://openalex.org/W2109156518","https://openalex.org/W2110229593","https://openalex.org/W2133712953","https://openalex.org/W2149868499","https://openalex.org/W2170737051","https://openalex.org/W2271182554","https://openalex.org/W2321990803","https://openalex.org/W2461570336","https://openalex.org/W2475663704","https://openalex.org/W2506127410","https://openalex.org/W2520093650","https://openalex.org/W2627042741","https://openalex.org/W2724374034","https://openalex.org/W2767209415","https://openalex.org/W2783199130","https://openalex.org/W2907463061","https://openalex.org/W2954224917","https://openalex.org/W2980273018","https://openalex.org/W3008410827","https://openalex.org/W3090561201","https://openalex.org/W3113205478","https://openalex.org/W3130011944","https://openalex.org/W3195794356","https://openalex.org/W3196239222","https://openalex.org/W3209090657","https://openalex.org/W3213615259","https://openalex.org/W4205095136","https://openalex.org/W4206578767","https://openalex.org/W4224265992","https://openalex.org/W4226528208","https://openalex.org/W4285490436","https://openalex.org/W4293072363","https://openalex.org/W4295690048","https://openalex.org/W4299914959","https://openalex.org/W4308644054","https://openalex.org/W4327594616","https://openalex.org/W4384026589","https://openalex.org/W4385489606","https://openalex.org/W4386764176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111708921","https://openalex.org/W2096844293","https://openalex.org/W2978026406","https://openalex.org/W2363944576","https://openalex.org/W1999657508","https://openalex.org/W2399091034","https://openalex.org/W2351581202","https://openalex.org/W2366922255","https://openalex.org/W2351041855","https://openalex.org/W2570254841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"FPGA":[0,46,81,96,192],"(Field":[1],"Programmable":[2],"Gate":[3],"Array)":[4],"synthesis":[5,47,82,97,193],"tools":[6],"are":[7,38,50,57],"crucial":[8],"for":[9,143],"hardware":[10,20],"development":[11],"and":[12,15,22,62,93,103,113,167,196],"AI":[13],"acceleration,":[14],"their":[16],"bugs":[17,44,89,126,158,173,195],"could":[18],"compromise":[19],"reliability":[21],"risk":[23],"downstream":[24],"applications.":[25],"However,":[26,139],"it":[27,140],"remains":[28],"unknown":[29],"in":[30,45,60,90],"understanding":[31],"the":[32,39,51,58,68,136,181],"characteristics":[33,52],"of":[34,53,80,125,172,183],"these":[35,54,73],"bugs.":[36,84],"What":[37,49,56],"root":[40,106],"causes":[41],"that":[42],"trigger":[43,174],"tools?":[48],"bugs?":[55],"challenges":[59],"detecting":[61],"addressing":[63,191],"them?":[64],"This":[65],"paper":[66],"takes":[67],"first":[69],"step":[70],"towards":[71],"answering":[72],"questions":[74],"by":[75],"conducting":[76],"a":[77],"comprehensive":[78],"study":[79],"tool":[83,194],"We":[85,118],"analyze":[86],"551":[87],"confirmed":[88],"both":[91],"commercial":[92],"open":[94],"source":[95],"tools,":[98],"i.e.,":[99],"Vivado,":[100],"Quartus":[101],"Prime,":[102],"Yosys,":[104],"covering":[105],"causes,":[107],"symptoms,":[108],"bug-prone":[109],"components,":[110],"fix":[111],"characteristics,":[112],"achieve":[114],"17":[115],"valuable":[116],"findings.":[117],"find":[119],"that,":[120],"on":[121,154],"average,":[122],"around":[123],"46.2%":[124],"result":[127],"from":[128],"HDL":[129,150],"(Hardware":[130],"Description":[131],"Language)":[132],"standard":[133],"noncompliance":[134],"across":[135],"three":[137],"tools.":[138],"is":[141],"hard":[142],"current":[144],"formal":[145],"validations":[146],"to":[147,164],"fully":[148],"test":[149,185],"standards":[151],"compliance.":[152],"Additionally,":[153],"average":[155],"over":[156],"25.8%":[157],"show":[159],"domain-specific":[160],"optimization":[161,166],"traits":[162],"due":[163],"inappropriate":[165],"mapping.":[168],"Meanwhile,":[169],"beyond":[170],"28%":[171],"unexpected":[175],"behavior":[176],"without":[177],"clear":[178],"signs,":[179],"making":[180],"formulation":[182],"effective":[184],"oracles":[186],"challenging.":[187],"These":[188],"findings":[189],"help":[190],"guide":[197],"further":[198],"research.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
