{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407675035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718349","title":"Hacking Cryptographic Protocols with Advanced Variational Quantum Attacks","display_name":"Hacking Cryptographic Protocols with Advanced Variational Quantum Attacks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407675035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3718349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718349","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058017085","display_name":"Borja Aizpurua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7510-1192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113430","display_name":"Tecnalia","ror":"https://ror.org/02fv8hj62","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113430"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120949","display_name":"Multiverse Computing (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/02p1vs657","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88155538","display_name":"Universidad de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02rxc7m23","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88155538"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borja Aizpurua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research, Multiverse Computing, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain and Basic Sciences, Universidad de Navarra Tecnun Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda, San Sebastian, Spain","Basic Sciences, Universidad de Navarra Tecnun Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda, San Sebastian, Spain","Research, Multiverse Computing, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7510-1192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research, Multiverse Computing, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain and Basic Sciences, Universidad de Navarra Tecnun Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda, San Sebastian, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113430","https://openalex.org/I4210120949"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Basic Sciences, Universidad de Navarra Tecnun Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda, San Sebastian, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88155538"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research, Multiverse Computing, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120949"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075612878","display_name":"Pablo Bermejo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7595-910X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47686490","display_name":"Donostia International Physics Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02e24yw40","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47686490"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Bermejo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastian, Spain","Donostia International Physics Center,  San Sebastian, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7467-4951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastian, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47686490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Donostia International Physics Center,  San Sebastian, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47686490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017368517","display_name":"Josu Etxezarreta Mart\u00ednez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7058-8426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88155538","display_name":"Universidad de Navarra","ror":"https://ror.org/02rxc7m23","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88155538"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josu Etxezarreta Mart\u00ednez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Basic Sciences, Universidad de Navarra Tecnun Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda, San Sebastian, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7058-8426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Basic Sciences, Universidad de Navarra Tecnun Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda, San Sebastian, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88155538"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020314133","display_name":"Rom\u00e1n Or\u00fas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-8115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110594554","display_name":"Ikerbasque","ror":"https://ror.org/01cc3fy72","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110594554"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120949","display_name":"Multiverse Computing (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/02p1vs657","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47686490","display_name":"Donostia International Physics Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02e24yw40","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47686490"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rom\u00e1n Or\u00fas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research, Multiverse Computing, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain, Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastian, Spain, and Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain","Research, Multiverse Computing, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain","Ikerbasque Foundation for Science,  Bilbao, Spain","Donostia International Physics Center,  San Sebastian, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-8115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research, Multiverse Computing, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain, Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastian, Spain, and Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110594554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research, Multiverse Computing, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120949"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ikerbasque Foundation for Science,  Bilbao, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110594554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Donostia International Physics Center,  San Sebastian, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47686490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5175,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91805227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.6596246361732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6247850656509399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5986316204071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.565355658531189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5503319501876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.530471682548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.4812047779560089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.3874284327030182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.1753094494342804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16273629665374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.14901301264762878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.6596246361732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6247850656509399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5986316204071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.565355658531189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5503319501876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.530471682548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.4812047779560089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3874284327030182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1753094494342804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16273629665374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.14901301264762878}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3718349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3718349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3718349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2507621181","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IS172551023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330231","funder_display_name":"Diputaci\u00f3n Foral de Gipuzkoa"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G730095996","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PLEC2021-008251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330231","display_name":"Diputaci\u00f3n Foral de Gipuzkoa","ror":"https://ror.org/05bvkb649"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513904472","https://openalex.org/W1515595447","https://openalex.org/W1989109597","https://openalex.org/W1992471085","https://openalex.org/W2022573326","https://openalex.org/W2033368244","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2150010995","https://openalex.org/W2161685427","https://openalex.org/W2171074980","https://openalex.org/W2241836009","https://openalex.org/W2515208241","https://openalex.org/W2536707834","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2794444783","https://openalex.org/W2798745146","https://openalex.org/W2803438813","https://openalex.org/W2889126882","https://openalex.org/W2937600620","https://openalex.org/W2946582523","https://openalex.org/W2954939433","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W3004965358","https://openalex.org/W3006823398","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3098599423","https://openalex.org/W3100931082","https://openalex.org/W3103870741","https://openalex.org/W3118800713","https://openalex.org/W3148001159","https://openalex.org/W4213212652","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4280609086","https://openalex.org/W4289127653","https://openalex.org/W4296794220","https://openalex.org/W4313484121","https://openalex.org/W4360866302","https://openalex.org/W4361793154","https://openalex.org/W4366196755","https://openalex.org/W4375934760","https://openalex.org/W4380627387","https://openalex.org/W4381051915","https://openalex.org/W4390041565","https://openalex.org/W4391377061","https://openalex.org/W4393070496","https://openalex.org/W4399416003","https://openalex.org/W4403310488"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904818008","https://openalex.org/W2904314268","https://openalex.org/W57958781","https://openalex.org/W1554274402","https://openalex.org/W1982325601","https://openalex.org/W4240432851","https://openalex.org/W2289378658","https://openalex.org/W1531360494","https://openalex.org/W1988007309","https://openalex.org/W154233216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Here":[0],"we":[1,52,121],"introduce":[2],"an":[3],"improved":[4],"approach":[5],"to":[6,21,67],"Variational":[7],"Quantum":[8,148],"Attack":[9],"Algorithms":[10],"(VQAA)":[11],"on":[12,124],"crytographic":[13],"protocols.":[14],"Our":[15,88,131],"methods":[16],"provide":[17],"robust":[18],"quantum":[19,65,159],"attacks":[20,40],"well-known":[22],"cryptographic":[23,143],"algorithms,":[24],"more":[25],"efficiently":[26],"and":[27,48,103,116,151],"with":[28,77,145],"remarkably":[29],"fewer":[30,80],"qubits":[31],"than":[32,84],"previous":[33],"approaches.":[34],"We":[35],"implement":[36],"simulations":[37],"of":[38,61,72,82,128,140],"our":[39,55,129],"for":[41,97,155],"symmetric-key":[42,108],"protocols":[43,115,144],"such":[44,100],"as":[45,101],"S-DES,":[46],"S-AES,":[47],"Blowfish.":[49],"For":[50],"instance,":[51],"show":[53],"how":[54],"attack":[56,94],"allows":[57],"a":[58,62,85],"classical":[59,142],"simulation":[60],"small":[63],"8-qubit":[64],"computer":[66],"find":[68],"the":[69,138,153],"secret":[70],"key":[71],"one":[73,134],"32-bit":[74],"Blowfish":[75],"instance":[76],"24":[78],"times":[79],"number":[81],"iterations":[83],"brute-force":[86],"attack.":[87],"work":[89],"also":[90,111,122],"shows":[91],"improvements":[92,127],"in":[93,158],"success":[95],"rates":[96],"lightweight":[98],"ciphers":[99],"S-DES":[102],"S-AES.":[104],"Further":[105],"applications":[106],"beyond":[107],"cryptography":[109],"are":[110],"discussed,":[112],"including":[113],"asymmetric-key":[114],"hash":[117],"functions.":[118],"In":[119],"addition,":[120],"comment":[123],"potential":[125],"future":[126,156],"methods.":[130],"results":[132],"bring":[133],"step":[135],"closer":[136],"assessing":[137],"vulnerability":[139],"large-size":[141],"Noisy":[146],"Intermediate-Scale":[147],"(NISQ)":[149],"devices,":[150],"set":[152],"stage":[154],"research":[157],"cybersecurity.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
