{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411052780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716815.3729013","title":"Generative AI vs. Human Deception: A Comparative Analysis of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Human-Generated Disinformation","display_name":"Generative AI vs. Human Deception: A Comparative Analysis of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Human-Generated Disinformation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411052780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716815.3729013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3716815.3729013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716815.3729013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Workshop on Security and Privacy Analytics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716815.3729013","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058758701","display_name":"Christopher J. Mason","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Mason","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6456-2232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060546610","display_name":"Ahmed Aleroud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4337-1488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Aleroud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4337-1488","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034852927","display_name":"Abdullah Melhem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5221-1430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Melhem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5221-1430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073085394","display_name":"Zain Halloush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-6671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zain Halloush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-6671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035628161","display_name":"Jason A. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3417-440X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason A. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3417-440X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"13","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"Disinformation","score":0.9504005908966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"Deception","score":0.7723754644393921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5997347235679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5293042659759521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.443143367767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18115976452827454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12696000933647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.09821176528930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.053720623254776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.9504005908966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.7723754644393921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5997347235679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5293042659759521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.443143367767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18115976452827454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12696000933647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.09821176528930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.053720623254776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3716815.3729013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716815.3729013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Workshop on Security and Privacy Analytics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3716815.3729013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716815.3729013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Workshop on Security and Privacy Analytics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1501862889","display_name":"CyberCorps Scholarships for Service: Augusta University Developing Immersive Experiences for Novel Cybersecurity Education","funder_award_id":"2043302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4716945073","display_name":"NSF Engines Development Award: Advancing cyber security technologies in the Central Savannah River Area (GA, SC)","funder_award_id":"2306109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996851481","https://openalex.org/W3046375318","https://openalex.org/W3121596465","https://openalex.org/W3168170345","https://openalex.org/W3206421646","https://openalex.org/W4285190530","https://openalex.org/W4290874975","https://openalex.org/W4312382905","https://openalex.org/W4362555408","https://openalex.org/W4366422565","https://openalex.org/W4382279716","https://openalex.org/W4392162396","https://openalex.org/W4392169533","https://openalex.org/W4392291614","https://openalex.org/W4395680208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3043508177","https://openalex.org/W4382752644","https://openalex.org/W4309170162","https://openalex.org/W2043544044","https://openalex.org/W3049488969","https://openalex.org/W3209170404","https://openalex.org/W2067549128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0,39],"Language":[1,40],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"powerful":[5],"tools":[6],"for":[7,157],"generating":[8],"human-like":[9],"text,":[10],"yet":[11],"their":[12],"potential":[13],"to":[14,81,146,162],"produce":[15],"and":[16,27,35,45,71,88,106,113,122,139,171],"automate":[17],"disinformation":[18,30,102,135,144,159,167],"poses":[19],"significant":[20],"challenges.":[21],"This":[22,77],"study":[23],"investigates":[24],"the":[25,83,98,155,164],"characteristics":[26],"detectability":[28],"of":[29,53,86,100,111],"created":[31],"by":[32,68,104,148,169,174],"both":[33,69],"humans":[34,70,105],"generative":[36],"AI":[37,72,107],"using":[38,74],"models":[41,73],"such":[42],"as":[43],"ChatGPT":[44],"Google\u2019s":[46],"Gemini.":[47],"We":[48,116],"began":[49],"with":[50,64],"a":[51],"dataset":[52],"verified":[54,112],"health":[55,90],"statements":[56,66],"from":[57,127],"peer-reviewed":[58],"journals,":[59],"which":[60],"we":[61,96],"then":[62],"paired":[63],"falsified":[65,114],"generated":[67,103,168],"structured":[75],"prompts.":[76],"approach":[78],"allowed":[79],"us":[80],"compare":[82],"stylistic":[84,138],"features":[85,110,124],"AI-generated":[87],"human-generated":[89],"disinformation.":[91,129],"Through":[92],"machine":[93,149],"learning":[94,150],"models,":[95],"assessed":[97],"accuracy":[99],"detecting":[101],"based":[108],"on":[109],"statements.":[115],"investigated":[117],"how":[118],"stylistic,":[119],"readability,":[120],"sentiment,":[121],"stance":[123],"differentiate":[125],"AI-":[126],"human-crafted":[128,143],"Our":[130,152],"findings":[131],"reveal":[132],"that":[133,172],"AI-crafted":[134],"exhibits":[136],"predictable":[137],"structural":[140],"features,":[141],"making":[142],"harder":[145],"detect":[147],"classifiers.":[151],"results":[153],"emphasize":[154],"need":[156],"customized":[158],"detection":[160],"approaches":[161],"address":[163],"differences":[165],"between":[166],"LLMs":[170],"produced":[173],"humans.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
