{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410152199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716550.3722022","title":"Safety Monitoring for Learning-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems in Out-of-Distribution Scenarios","display_name":"Safety Monitoring for Learning-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems in Out-of-Distribution Scenarios","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410152199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716550.3722022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3716550.3722022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716550.3722022","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3716550.3722022","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 16th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (with CPS-IoT Week 2025)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3716550.3722022","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075619317","display_name":"Vivian Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-4864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vivian Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-4864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087919330","display_name":"Ramneet Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7662-3174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramneet Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI, Menlo Park, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7662-3174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI, Menlo Park, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101572701","display_name":"Yahan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3233-1720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3233-1720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051298939","display_name":"Souradeep Dutta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2706-2095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Souradeep Dutta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2706-2095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014874021","display_name":"Yiannis Kantaros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0257-7378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiannis Kantaros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0257-7378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076846018","display_name":"Anirban Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6889-0204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anirban Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI, Menlo Park, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6889-0204","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI, Menlo Park, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035902535","display_name":"Susmit Jha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5983-9095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susmit Jha","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI, Menlo Park, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5983-9095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI, Menlo Park, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082105260","display_name":"Oleg Sokolsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5282-0658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oleg Sokolsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5282-0658","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030456600","display_name":"Insup Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-1132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Insup Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-1132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075619317"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0999,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76518259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.8398598432540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6686415076255798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.46704381704330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3941535949707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.35015225410461426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.8398598432540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6686415076255798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46704381704330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3941535949707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35015225410461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3716550.3722022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716550.3722022","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3716550.3722022","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 16th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (with CPS-IoT Week 2025)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3716550.3722022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716550.3722022","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3716550.3722022","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 16th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (with CPS-IoT Week 2025)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1034401897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-17-2-0196","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1637379582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-17-2-0196","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2515678443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2403758","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G294481052","display_name":"Collaborative Research: CPS: Medium: Sensor Attack Detection and Recovery in Cyber-Physical Systems","funder_award_id":"2143274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4713059963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5259331294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5913950496","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-17-2-0196","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6074853558","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-20-1-0080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7100550379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MURI W911NF-20-1-0080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7452299184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8190061994","display_name":"CPS: SMALL: Formal Methods for Safe, Efficient, and Transferable Learning-enabled Autonomy","funder_award_id":"2231257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8365945961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2143274, 2403758, 2231257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333591","display_name":"Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410152199.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410152199.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499689786","https://openalex.org/W1547304883","https://openalex.org/W1978666674","https://openalex.org/W2160684493","https://openalex.org/W2162720347","https://openalex.org/W2522489477","https://openalex.org/W2604347212","https://openalex.org/W2964189064","https://openalex.org/W2997167991","https://openalex.org/W3013557831","https://openalex.org/W3021958118","https://openalex.org/W3027099759","https://openalex.org/W3034036138","https://openalex.org/W3034451759","https://openalex.org/W3106636111","https://openalex.org/W3116181275","https://openalex.org/W3139491754","https://openalex.org/W3149938609","https://openalex.org/W3172668605","https://openalex.org/W3185507903","https://openalex.org/W3199390827","https://openalex.org/W3200940659","https://openalex.org/W4207080468","https://openalex.org/W4210791054","https://openalex.org/W4221151182","https://openalex.org/W4283394624","https://openalex.org/W4287162606","https://openalex.org/W4321510653","https://openalex.org/W4368353183","https://openalex.org/W4368362708","https://openalex.org/W4368408197","https://openalex.org/W4391566299","https://openalex.org/W4400189275"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W3019776739","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2546638913"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,108],"safety":[1,27,57,65,86,94,138,189],"of":[2,12,28,44,54,82,101,129,143,154],"learning-enabled":[3],"cyber-physical":[4],"systems":[5,30],"is":[6,70],"compromised":[7],"by":[8,31],"the":[9,26,42,52,119,127,130],"well-known":[10],"vulnerabilities":[11],"deep":[13],"neural":[14],"networks":[15],"to":[16,24,62,73,177],"out-of-distribution":[17],"(OOD)":[18],"inputs.":[19],"Existing":[20],"literature":[21],"has":[22],"sought":[23],"monitor":[25,64,95],"such":[29,36],"detecting":[32],"OOD":[33,46,74,116,207],"data.":[34,75],"However,":[35],"approaches":[37],"have":[38],"limited":[39],"utility,":[40],"as":[41],"presence":[43],"an":[45,144],"input":[47],"does":[48],"not":[49],"necessarily":[50],"imply":[51],"violation":[53],"a":[55,67,98,155],"desired":[56],"property.":[58],"We":[59,125,162,201],"instead":[60],"propose":[61],"directly":[63],"in":[66,133,199,206],"manner":[68],"that":[69,164],"itself":[71],"robust":[72],"To":[76],"this":[77],"end,":[78],"we":[79],"predict":[80],"violations":[81],"signal":[83],"temporal":[84],"logic":[85],"specifications":[87],"based":[88],"on":[89,115,137],"predicted":[90],"future":[91],"trajectories.":[92],"Our":[93],"additionally":[96],"uses":[97],"novel":[99],"combination":[100],"adaptive":[102,165,182],"conformal":[103,166,183],"prediction":[104,112,167,184],"and":[105,118,150,185,194,209],"incremental":[106,186],"learning.":[107],"former":[109],"obtains":[110,168],"probabilistic":[111],"guarantees":[113,170],"even":[114,205],"data,":[117],"latter":[120],"prevents":[121],"overly":[122],"conservative":[123],"predictions.":[124],"evaluate":[126],"efficacy":[128],"proposed":[131],"approach":[132],"two":[134],"case":[135],"studies":[136],"monitoring:":[139],"1)":[140],"predicting":[141,152],"collisions":[142,153],"F1Tenth":[145],"car":[146,157],"with":[147,158],"static":[148],"obstacles,":[149],"2)":[151],"race":[156],"multiple":[159],"dynamic":[160],"obstacles.":[161],"find":[163],"theoretical":[169],"where":[171],"other":[172],"uncertainty":[173],"quantification":[174],"methods":[175],"fail":[176],"do":[178],"so.":[179],"Additionally,":[180],"combining":[181],"learning":[187],"for":[188],"monitoring":[190],"achieves":[191],"high":[192],"recall":[193],"timeliness":[195],"while":[196],"reducing":[197],"loss":[198],"precision.":[200],"achieve":[202],"these":[203],"results":[204],"settings":[208],"outperform":[210],"alternative":[211],"methods.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
