{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407405906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716380","title":"I Have Not Understood but Agree: Studying Informed Consent in the Context of the German COVID-19 Contact Tracing App","display_name":"I Have Not Understood but Agree: Studying Informed Consent in the Context of the German COVID-19 Contact Tracing App","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407405906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716380"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3716380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S89276529","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","issn_l":"1073-0516","issn":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049714973","display_name":"Maximilian H\u00e4ring","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian H\u00e4ring","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany","University of Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5516-0293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116242023","display_name":"Eva Tiefenau","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166245","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics","ror":"https://ror.org/05nn0gw40","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva Tiefenau","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany and Fraunhofer FKIE, Wachtberg, Germany","Fraunhofer FKIE, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1251-5629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany and Fraunhofer FKIE, Wachtberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer FKIE, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005498852","display_name":"Christian Tiefenau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0904-1437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Tiefenau","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany","University of Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0904-1437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089808680","display_name":"Felix Kretschmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3034-800X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Kretschmer-Pietralla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Darmstadt, Bonn, Germany","Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3034-800X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Darmstadt, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090162904","display_name":"Alina St\u00f6ver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0941-595X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alina St\u00f6ver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Psychology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0941-595X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Psychology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070409587","display_name":"Nina Gerber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9669-7276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nina Gerber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Psychology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9669-7276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Psychology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02799914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.8422982692718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.8286411762237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"Contact tracing","score":0.7163984179496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6638768911361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.595843493938446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.5797503590583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.4978814125061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informed-consent","display_name":"Informed consent","score":0.43607622385025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.34451431035995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.32405632734298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.29316964745521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23831170797348022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.20636487007141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak","display_name":"Outbreak","score":0.17158177495002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.15930819511413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.14397162199020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09872666001319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.08749192953109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.07474172115325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-medicine","display_name":"Alternative medicine","score":0.07367146015167236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8422982692718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.8286411762237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.7163984179496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6638768911361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.595843493938446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5797503590583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.4978814125061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68122502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764527","display_name":"Informed consent","level":3,"score":0.43607622385025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34451431035995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32405632734298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.29316964745521545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23831170797348022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.20636487007141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.17158177495002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.15930819511413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.14397162199020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09872666001319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.08749192953109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.07474172115325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.07367146015167236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3716380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S89276529","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","issn_l":"1073-0516","issn":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2401905507","display_name":"GRK 2050: Privatheit und Vertrauen f\u00fcr mobile Nutzende","funder_award_id":"251805230","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174710135","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1984255983","https://openalex.org/W1993095244","https://openalex.org/W2048713905","https://openalex.org/W2129015869","https://openalex.org/W2144981153","https://openalex.org/W2152212959","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2163241745","https://openalex.org/W2171263140","https://openalex.org/W2315831403","https://openalex.org/W2566216833","https://openalex.org/W2580536144","https://openalex.org/W2742539882","https://openalex.org/W2807345604","https://openalex.org/W2809258176","https://openalex.org/W2970250414","https://openalex.org/W2970983524","https://openalex.org/W3000190958","https://openalex.org/W3013836207","https://openalex.org/W3021585068","https://openalex.org/W3021970994","https://openalex.org/W3088787638","https://openalex.org/W3091854926","https://openalex.org/W3094780764","https://openalex.org/W3095612184","https://openalex.org/W3097096111","https://openalex.org/W3097950641","https://openalex.org/W3098511774","https://openalex.org/W3105350924","https://openalex.org/W3106386337","https://openalex.org/W3118443355","https://openalex.org/W3120928504","https://openalex.org/W3123803990","https://openalex.org/W3124701710","https://openalex.org/W3124823054","https://openalex.org/W3126156492","https://openalex.org/W3130339635","https://openalex.org/W3139282825","https://openalex.org/W3143441212","https://openalex.org/W3160944883","https://openalex.org/W3160992782","https://openalex.org/W3161274099","https://openalex.org/W3164237902","https://openalex.org/W3200138407","https://openalex.org/W3200746061","https://openalex.org/W3208000661","https://openalex.org/W4200458788","https://openalex.org/W4206141788","https://openalex.org/W4206936856","https://openalex.org/W4224997456","https://openalex.org/W4225006119","https://openalex.org/W4225163203","https://openalex.org/W4247706454","https://openalex.org/W4288086187","https://openalex.org/W4296786290","https://openalex.org/W4299344615","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4317671378","https://openalex.org/W4319165762","https://openalex.org/W4365999290","https://openalex.org/W4366549400","https://openalex.org/W4385729910","https://openalex.org/W4385884525","https://openalex.org/W4387345009","https://openalex.org/W4388982329","https://openalex.org/W4392023509","https://openalex.org/W4396230904","https://openalex.org/W4396827159","https://openalex.org/W4396833232","https://openalex.org/W4398187302","https://openalex.org/W6885097761"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158100496","https://openalex.org/W3130225502","https://openalex.org/W2170160357","https://openalex.org/W4399915950","https://openalex.org/W2012140923","https://openalex.org/W4287554683","https://openalex.org/W3127156785","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W4200329650","https://openalex.org/W4205215807"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"EU":[1],"data":[2,9,85],"collectors":[3],"rely":[4],"on":[5],"informed":[6,64],"consent":[7,14,129],"for":[8,24],"processing,":[10],"requiring":[11],"users":[12,25,59,107],"to":[13,26,55,112],"after":[15],"being":[16,63],"informed.":[17,115],"To":[18],"do":[19],"so,":[20],"it":[21],"is":[22],"necessary":[23],"have":[27,108],"at":[28],"least":[29],"partially":[30],"correct":[31,110],"assumptions":[32,111],"about":[33],"what":[34],"the":[35,41,47,72,90,120,133],"software":[36],"does.":[37],"The":[38],"introduction":[39],"of":[40,62,69,74,84,136],"official":[42],"German":[43],"contact":[44],"tracing":[45],"app,":[46],"Corona-Warn-App":[48],"(CWA),":[49],"provides":[50],"an":[51],"interesting":[52],"use":[53],"case":[54],"explore":[56],"whether":[57,106],"potential":[58],"are":[60],"capable":[61],"with":[65],"a":[66,98,143],"reasonable":[67],"amount":[68],"effort":[70],"by":[71,142],"publishers":[73],"software.":[75],"We":[76,104],"captured":[77],"CWA":[78],"users\u2019":[79],"and":[80,87,97,138],"non-users\u2019":[81],"mental":[82],"models":[83],"collection":[86],"processing":[88],"in":[89,92],"app":[91],"interviews":[93],"(N":[94,101],"=":[95,102],"20)":[96],"survey":[99],"study":[100],"352).":[103],"investigated":[105],"enough":[109],"be":[113,140],"considered":[114],"Our":[116],"findings":[117],"show":[118],"that":[119,127],"participants":[121],"had":[122],"misconceptions.":[123],"Therefore,":[124],"we":[125],"argue":[126],"user":[128],"might":[130],"often":[131],"lack":[132],"required":[134],"level":[135],"informedness":[137],"may":[139],"replaced":[141],"more":[144],"rigorous":[145],"privacy-by-design":[146],"principle.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}