{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411713518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716368.3735259","title":"Invisible Leaks: Covert Channel Exploitation in In-Sensor Computing System","display_name":"Invisible Leaks: Covert Channel Exploitation in In-Sensor Computing System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411713518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716368.3735259","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41019586"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3716368.3735259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716368.3735259","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12460057/pdf/nihms-2111273.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006684284","display_name":"Mashrafi Kajol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6791-1675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mashrafi Kajol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083232079","display_name":"Md Abdullah Al Rumon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-7896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Abdullah Al Rumon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016194838","display_name":"Shehjar Sadhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-5202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shehjar Sadhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093924182","display_name":"Suparna Veeturi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3039-744X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suparna Veeturi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068119442","display_name":"Dharma Rane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6741-5559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dharma Rane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078082342","display_name":"Dhaval Solanki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4039-4406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhaval Solanki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041898793","display_name":"Kunal Mankodiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6423-0823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunal Mankodiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039346080","display_name":"Wei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4150-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150638750","display_name":"Keene State College","ror":"https://ror.org/04c1gbz02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150638750"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150638750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043556165","display_name":"Qiaoyan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-8529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiaoyan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006684284"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4849,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90236221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":null,"first_page":"397","last_page":"398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6301231384277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.6107990145683289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.5248967409133911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5211208462715149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4496758282184601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.25183916091918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.18578770756721497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.11457762122154236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6301231384277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.6107990145683289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.5248967409133911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5211208462715149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4496758282184601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.25183916091918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.18578770756721497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.11457762122154236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3716368.3735259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3716368.3735259","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:41019586","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41019586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI. ACM Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11268755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12460057","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12460057/pdf/nihms-2111273.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12460057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12460057/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc ACM Gt Lakes Symp VLSI","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11268755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12460057","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12460057/pdf/nihms-2111273.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1130395089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"022279","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2615868102","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1-R15-EB036778-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2705085939","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Small: Towards Securing the Hardware and Software for Approximate Computing Systems","funder_award_id":"2022279","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5015045397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P20GM103506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5180836318","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM10350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6608586327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM103506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411713518.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411713518.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W174282171","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W4210390481","https://openalex.org/W1587013156","https://openalex.org/W4392755040","https://openalex.org/W4239080508","https://openalex.org/W2326198059","https://openalex.org/W4319780484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In-sensor":[0],"computing":[1],"(ISC)":[2],"represents":[3],"a":[4,19,66],"paradigm":[5],"shift":[6],"in":[7,87],"sensor":[8],"integration":[9,42],"technologies.":[10],"ISC":[11,48,76],"system":[12],"combines":[13],"sensing":[14],"and":[15,25,34,45,84],"processing":[16,24],"elements":[17],"on":[18],"single":[20],"chip,":[21],"enabling":[22],"real-time":[23],"reducing":[26],"computation":[27,46],"latency":[28],"by":[29],"eliminating":[30],"massive":[31],"data":[32],"transfer":[33],"analog-to-digital":[35],"conversion.":[36],"However,":[37],"due":[38],"to":[39,77,103],"the":[40,72,79,88,109],"high":[41],"of":[43,75,81,90],"sensors":[44],"units,":[47],"could":[49],"suffer":[50],"from":[51],"new":[52,105],"security":[53,82],"attacks":[54,83],"that":[55,70,95],"have":[56],"not":[57],"been":[58],"explored":[59],"yet.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62,96],"work,":[63],"we":[64],"investigate":[65],"covert":[67],"channel":[68],"attack":[69],"leverages":[71],"analog":[73],"nature":[74],"showcase":[78],"feasibility":[80],"severe":[85],"consequences":[86],"context":[89],"real":[91],"applications.":[92],"We":[93],"envision":[94],"research":[97],"paper":[98],"will":[99],"inspire":[100],"more":[101],"researchers":[102],"brainstorm":[104],"defense":[106],"mechanisms":[107],"for":[108],"emerging":[110],"ISC.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}