{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406957873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715693","title":"Assessing the Robustness of Test Selection Methods for Deep Neural Networks","display_name":"Assessing the Robustness of Test Selection Methods for Deep Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406957873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715693","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/67728","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101406450","display_name":"Qiang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-1669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023978917","display_name":"Yuejun Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-2420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112527","display_name":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01t178j62","country_code":"LU","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112527"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuejun Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112527"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084396416","display_name":"Xiaofei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-6502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000695937","display_name":"Maxime Cordy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-1358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxime Cordy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057849611","display_name":"Wei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0044-466X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081145634","display_name":"Mike Papadakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1852-2547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Papadakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101468661","display_name":"Lei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8621-2420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["CA","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo & University of Alberta, Japan & Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo & University of Alberta, Japan & Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974","https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040574362","display_name":"Yves Le Traon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-4861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yves Le Traon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101406450"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.6054,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97235215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8295178413391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.684400200843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5363510847091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5328424572944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46650761365890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness-testing","display_name":"Robustness testing","score":0.4650828242301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.06198564171791077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8295178413391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.684400200843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5363510847091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5328424572944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46650761365890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137726913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353550","display_name":"Robustness testing","level":3,"score":0.4650828242301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06198564171791077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715693","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/67728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/67728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 34 (7) (2025-08-14)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-11333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/10332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715693","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/67728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/67728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 34 (7) (2025-08-14)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1622838444","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2594481151","https://openalex.org/W2601243251","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2794609696","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2948254043","https://openalex.org/W2954629067","https://openalex.org/W2957905354","https://openalex.org/W2963124051","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964882141","https://openalex.org/W3000442532","https://openalex.org/W3041012898","https://openalex.org/W3042703469","https://openalex.org/W3047375952","https://openalex.org/W3090943961","https://openalex.org/W3091388282","https://openalex.org/W3105249702","https://openalex.org/W3105347387","https://openalex.org/W3120991880","https://openalex.org/W3124058431","https://openalex.org/W3139294479","https://openalex.org/W3161493619","https://openalex.org/W3200467243","https://openalex.org/W3205471381","https://openalex.org/W4205616158","https://openalex.org/W4225410698","https://openalex.org/W4299959846","https://openalex.org/W4384347367","https://openalex.org/W4388692632","https://openalex.org/W4390603751","https://openalex.org/W4391558518","https://openalex.org/W4401907080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985538490","https://openalex.org/W2385695368","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2048346223","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W1566806263","https://openalex.org/W1980755708","https://openalex.org/W2560201613","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Regularly":[0],"testing":[1,56,71],"deep":[2],"learning-powered":[3],"systems":[4],"on":[5,72,107],"newly":[6],"collected":[7],"data":[8,53,142],"is":[9,23],"critical":[10],"to":[11,26,90,115,167,176],"ensure":[12],"their":[13,108],"reliability,":[14],"robustness,":[15],"and":[16,30,47,89],"efficacy":[17],"in":[18],"real-world":[19],"applications.":[20],"This":[21],"process":[22],"demanding":[24],"due":[25],"the":[27,118,130,156,177],"significant":[28],"time":[29],"human":[31],"effort":[32],"required":[33],"for":[34,137,171],"labeling":[35,46],"new":[36],"data.":[37,75],"While":[38],"test":[39,74,93,157],"selection":[40,94,104,193],"methods":[41,62,95,105,136,163,170,186],"alleviate":[42],"manual":[43],"labor":[44],"by":[45,161,165],"evaluating":[48],"only":[49],"a":[50,113],"subset":[51],"of":[52,102,120,132,179,184],"while":[54],"meeting":[55],"criteria,":[57],"we":[58,86,98,111,124],"observe":[59],"that":[60,143],"such":[61,162,185],"with":[63],"reported":[64],"promising":[65],"results":[66],"are":[67,79,174],"simply":[68],"evaluated,":[69],"e.g.,":[70],"original":[73],"The":[76,182],"question":[77],"arises:":[78],"they":[80],"always":[81],"reliable?":[82],"In":[83],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"explore":[87],"when":[88,194],"what":[91],"extent":[92],"fail.":[96],"First,":[97],"identify":[99],"potential":[100],"pitfalls":[101,127],"11":[103],"based":[106],"construction.":[109],"Second,":[110],"conduct":[112],"study":[114],"empirically":[116],"confirm":[117],"existence":[119],"these":[121,133],"pitfalls.":[122],"Furthermore,":[123],"demonstrate":[125],"how":[126],"can":[128,187],"break":[129],"reliability":[131],"methods.":[134],"Concretely,":[135],"fault":[138],"detection":[139],"suffer":[140],"from":[141],"are:":[144],"1)":[145],"correctly":[146],"classified":[147],"but":[148,153],"uncertain,":[149],"or":[150],"2)":[151],"misclassified":[152],"confident.":[154],"Remarkably,":[155],"relative":[158],"coverage":[159],"achieved":[160],"drops":[164],"up":[166],"86.85%.":[168],"Besides,":[169],"performance":[172],"estimation":[173],"sensitive":[175],"choice":[178],"intermediate-layer":[180],"output.":[181],"effectiveness":[183],"be":[188],"even":[189],"worse":[190],"than":[191],"random":[192],"using":[195],"an":[196],"inappropriate":[197],"layer.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}