{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410701903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715669.3725864","title":"Decoding Cognitive Load: Eye-Tracking Insights into Working Memory and Visual Attention","display_name":"Decoding Cognitive Load: Eye-Tracking Insights into Working Memory and Visual Attention","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410701903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715669.3725864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715669.3725864","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715669.3725864","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068181149","display_name":"Xiaofu Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7239-3769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofu Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Interdisciplinary Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7239-3769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Interdisciplinary Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097633139","display_name":"Yunpeng Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7578-0079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunpeng Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7578-0079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lina Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1149-2071"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lina Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Media and Arts Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1149-2071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Media and Arts Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019663384","display_name":"Shuai Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7658-292X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7658-292X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101528850","display_name":"Danqing Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8105-0944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danqing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8105-0944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084768642","display_name":"Luwen Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1664-2230"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luwen Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Media and Arts Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1664-2230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Media and Arts Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048919402","display_name":"Mingming Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0356-4712"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingming Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China and The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0356-4712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China and The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068181149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4676,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96041068,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory","display_name":"Working memory","score":0.7307240962982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7170155644416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.711310625076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.6435657739639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5841951966285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.507982075214386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.48864489793777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-short-term-memory","display_name":"Visual short-term memory","score":0.48602133989334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-attention","display_name":"Visual attention","score":0.47648853063583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.4190794825553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3456721603870392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32204359769821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2579110860824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.11005491018295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07649344205856323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.7307240962982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7170155644416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.711310625076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.6435657739639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5841951966285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.507982075214386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.48864489793777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58632812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936625","display_name":"Visual short-term memory","level":4,"score":0.48602133989334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986089797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501338","display_name":"Visual attention","level":3,"score":0.47648853063583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.4190794825553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3456721603870392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32204359769821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2579110860824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.11005491018295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07649344205856323}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715669.3725864","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715669.3725864","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-149521","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-149521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527443536","https://openalex.org/W1960419492","https://openalex.org/W1973613120","https://openalex.org/W1976105143","https://openalex.org/W1978600950","https://openalex.org/W1993970157","https://openalex.org/W2023103636","https://openalex.org/W2030595170","https://openalex.org/W2037926997","https://openalex.org/W2062242288","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2096036274","https://openalex.org/W2102804490","https://openalex.org/W2120357670","https://openalex.org/W2151905266","https://openalex.org/W2152258332","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2325561707","https://openalex.org/W2402939184","https://openalex.org/W2786051348","https://openalex.org/W2790519592","https://openalex.org/W2890656423","https://openalex.org/W2905209797","https://openalex.org/W2968989437","https://openalex.org/W3030848636","https://openalex.org/W4210554000","https://openalex.org/W4210961396","https://openalex.org/W4213346165","https://openalex.org/W4289519943","https://openalex.org/W4293156092","https://openalex.org/W4296306270","https://openalex.org/W4312538265","https://openalex.org/W4366590533","https://openalex.org/W4399200298","https://openalex.org/W4400526644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3182717358","https://openalex.org/W2759196065","https://openalex.org/W2626737214","https://openalex.org/W2886264639","https://openalex.org/W4206093846","https://openalex.org/W2157413990","https://openalex.org/W2091532460","https://openalex.org/W2461460038","https://openalex.org/W2033352305","https://openalex.org/W4238000740"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"and":[1,12,34,117,126],"classifying":[2],"cognitive":[3,17,63,72,99,124],"workload":[4],"is":[5,19],"a":[6,23,49,53],"critical":[7],"challenge":[8],"in":[9,40,122],"educational":[10,111],"technology":[11],"human-computer":[13],"interaction":[14],"(HCI).":[15],"While":[16],"load":[18,33,81],"often":[20],"treated":[21],"as":[22,30],"single,":[24],"generalized":[25],"concept,":[26],"its":[27],"nuanced":[28],"components\u2014such":[29],"working":[31],"memory":[32],"visual":[35],"attention":[36],"load\u2014play":[37],"distinct":[38],"roles":[39],"learning":[41,90],"environments.":[42],"To":[43],"investigate":[44],"these":[45,71],"differences,":[46],"we":[47,68],"conducted":[48],"controlled":[50],"experiment,":[51],"collecting":[52],"comprehensive":[54],"eye-tracking":[55,121],"dataset":[56],"comprising":[57],"528,017":[58],"data":[59],"points":[60],"across":[61],"varied":[62],"tasks.":[64],"Leveraging":[65],"machine":[66],"learning,":[67],"demonstrate":[69],"that":[70,92],"states":[73],"can":[74],"be":[75],"classified,":[76],"revealing":[77],"measurable":[78],"distinctions":[79],"between":[80],"types.":[82],"Our":[83],"findings":[84],"pave":[85],"the":[86,106],"way":[87],"for":[88],"adaptive":[89],"systems":[91],"dynamically":[93],"tailor":[94],"instructional":[95],"content":[96],"based":[97],"on":[98],"state":[100],"assessments.":[101],"This":[102],"research":[103],"contributes":[104],"to":[105],"development":[107],"of":[108,120],"personalized,":[109],"AI-enhanced":[110],"tools,":[112],"advancing":[113],"both":[114],"theoretical":[115],"understanding":[116],"practical":[118],"applications":[119],"education,":[123],"assessment,":[125],"HCI.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
