{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412017421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735684","title":"How Does AI Represent Social Concepts? Examining the Visual Representation of Care in Text-to-Image Tools","display_name":"How Does AI Represent Social Concepts? Examining the Visual Representation of Care in Text-to-Image Tools","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412017421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735684"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715336.3735684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735684","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3715336.3735684","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3715336.3735684","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088762504","display_name":"Zixuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-2012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-2012","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056355390","display_name":"Nichole Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-2433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nichole Fernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-2433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053470577","display_name":"John Vines","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4051-3356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Vines","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4051-3356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6475,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90597285,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2770","last_page":"2786"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6784191131591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5979440212249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5350004434585571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.426449179649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.41746512055397034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.41060397028923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.37753933668136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3698539137840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3422318398952484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21707549691200256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6784191131591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5979440212249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5350004434585571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.426449179649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.41746512055397034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.41060397028923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37753933668136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3698539137840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3422318398952484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21707549691200256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715336.3735684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735684","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3715336.3735684","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/ee574f36-64d5-49a0-b381-57ac0f18f5e1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/ee574f36-64d5-49a0-b381-57ac0f18f5e1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wang, Z, Fernandez, N & Vines, J 2025, How does AI represent social concepts? Examining the visual representation of care in text-to-image tools. in N Jardim Nunes, V Nisi, I Oakley, Q Yang & C Zheng (eds), DIS '25 : Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY, United States, pp. 2770-2786, ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS) 2025, Madeira, Portugal, 5/07/25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735684","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/ee574f36-64d5-49a0-b381-57ac0f18f5e1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/ee574f36-64d5-49a0-b381-57ac0f18f5e1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wang, Z, Fernandez, N & Vines, J 2025, How does AI represent social concepts? Examining the visual representation of care in text-to-image tools. in N Jardim Nunes, V Nisi, I Oakley, Q Yang & C Zheng (eds), DIS '25 : Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY, United States, pp. 2770-2786, ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS) 2025, Madeira, Portugal, 5/07/25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735684","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715336.3735684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735684","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3715336.3735684","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412017421.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412017421.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166315768","https://openalex.org/W1520387187","https://openalex.org/W1951491763","https://openalex.org/W1992613154","https://openalex.org/W2016634442","https://openalex.org/W2020084092","https://openalex.org/W2021178794","https://openalex.org/W2106459695","https://openalex.org/W2154651292","https://openalex.org/W2338443176","https://openalex.org/W2345371536","https://openalex.org/W2353949686","https://openalex.org/W2411483115","https://openalex.org/W2480573750","https://openalex.org/W2596683304","https://openalex.org/W2754799758","https://openalex.org/W2768511715","https://openalex.org/W2804195276","https://openalex.org/W2900883361","https://openalex.org/W2989518765","https://openalex.org/W3025314343","https://openalex.org/W3087399337","https://openalex.org/W3158116524","https://openalex.org/W3160935449","https://openalex.org/W3166588538","https://openalex.org/W3173788626","https://openalex.org/W3189849087","https://openalex.org/W3199400376","https://openalex.org/W3203737321","https://openalex.org/W3207830467","https://openalex.org/W3212464620","https://openalex.org/W4200133815","https://openalex.org/W4224238480","https://openalex.org/W4233229880","https://openalex.org/W4241484276","https://openalex.org/W4244812753","https://openalex.org/W4249990533","https://openalex.org/W4255528274","https://openalex.org/W4281485151","https://openalex.org/W4289600032","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4320560236","https://openalex.org/W4321275178","https://openalex.org/W4321276891","https://openalex.org/W4321472415","https://openalex.org/W4323537343","https://openalex.org/W4361019436","https://openalex.org/W4365388135","https://openalex.org/W4366550057","https://openalex.org/W4366588458","https://openalex.org/W4377372266","https://openalex.org/W4378718517","https://openalex.org/W4379466097","https://openalex.org/W4379959055","https://openalex.org/W4380769213","https://openalex.org/W4381104137","https://openalex.org/W4381104252","https://openalex.org/W4383472654","https://openalex.org/W4383681451","https://openalex.org/W4385515436","https://openalex.org/W4386146357","https://openalex.org/W4386242353","https://openalex.org/W4386246859","https://openalex.org/W4386249236","https://openalex.org/W4389976991","https://openalex.org/W4390872723","https://openalex.org/W4391602825","https://openalex.org/W4393906854","https://openalex.org/W4394675101","https://openalex.org/W4396831879","https://openalex.org/W4396831903","https://openalex.org/W4396832959","https://openalex.org/W4396833096","https://openalex.org/W4396833295","https://openalex.org/W4396833368","https://openalex.org/W4396833454","https://openalex.org/W4396833466","https://openalex.org/W4396833643","https://openalex.org/W4399659919","https://openalex.org/W4400027285","https://openalex.org/W4400142696","https://openalex.org/W4403822715","https://openalex.org/W6737776675","https://openalex.org/W6811886535","https://openalex.org/W6862122949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062195135","https://openalex.org/W2795079307","https://openalex.org/W2793058541","https://openalex.org/W1983629434","https://openalex.org/W2055929693","https://openalex.org/W4324271173","https://openalex.org/W2352227742","https://openalex.org/W4390679071","https://openalex.org/W1967645776","https://openalex.org/W3006966347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text-to-image":[0],"(T2I)":[1],"generative":[2],"AI":[3],"tools":[4],"like":[5,31],"Midjourney":[6],"are":[7,20],"growing":[8],"in":[9,25,45,90],"capability":[10],"and":[11,33,40,60,76,108,124,132,136,144,148],"popularity,":[12],"promising":[13],"a":[14,120],"wide":[15],"range":[16],"of":[17,36,52,55,79,87],"applications.However,":[18],"concerns":[19],"rising":[21],"over":[22],"the":[23,34,67,84,126],"biases":[24],"how":[26,63],"they":[27],"represent":[28],"social":[29],"concepts":[30],"care":[32,80,88],"lack":[35],"guidance":[37],"for":[38,128],"designers":[39],"users":[41],"to":[42,113],"address":[43],"these":[44],"practice.This":[46],"paper":[47],"first":[48],"presents":[49],"an":[50,109],"analysis":[51],"140":[53],"\"photos":[54],"care\"":[56],"generated":[57],"by":[58,81,118],"Midjourney,":[59],"then":[61],"explores":[62],"prompting":[64,122],"might":[65,99],"influence":[66],"results.The":[68],"findings":[69],"reveal":[70],"that":[71,95],"AI-generated":[72],"images":[73],"reproduce":[74],"stereotypical":[75],"reductive":[77],"representations":[78],"default,":[82],"neglecting":[83],"broad":[85],"spectrums":[86],"practices":[89],"everyday":[91],"life.Furthermore,":[92],"we":[93],"find":[94],"while":[96],"prompt":[97],"engineering":[98],"mitigate":[100],"certain":[101],"biases,":[102],"it":[103],"requires":[104],"specialised":[105],"skills,":[106],"knowledge,":[107],"ongoing":[110],"reflexive":[111,121],"approach":[112],"generate":[114],"meaningful":[115],"outputs.We":[116],"conclude":[117],"proposing":[119],"framework,":[123],"discussing":[125],"implications":[127],"future":[129],"T2I":[130],"evaluation":[131,145],"its":[133],"responsible":[134],"use":[135],"design.":[137],"CCS":[138],"Concepts":[139],"Human-centered":[140],"computing":[141],"HCI":[142],"design":[143],"methods;":[146],"Social":[147],"professional":[149],"topics":[150],"User":[151],"characteristics;":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}