{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406824424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715328","title":"PUF-Dilithium: Design of a PUF-Based Dilithium Architecture Benchmarked on ARM Processors","display_name":"PUF-Dilithium: Design of a PUF-Based Dilithium Architecture Benchmarked on ARM Processors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406824424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050841779","display_name":"Saeed Aghapour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6742-0868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Aghapour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086814655","display_name":"Kasra Ahmadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kasra Ahmadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States and Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States","Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States","Computer Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States and Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050880623","display_name":"Mila Anastasova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3530-7024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mila Anastasova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, United States","Florida Atlantic University,  Boca Raton, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Atlantic University,  Boca Raton, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064156050","display_name":"Reza Azarderakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-6868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Azarderakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, United States","Florida Atlantic University,  Boca Raton, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Atlantic University,  Boca Raton, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025872285","display_name":"Mehran Mozaffari Kermani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-3109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehran Mozaffari Kermani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050841779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.7022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99041399,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilithium","display_name":"Dilithium","score":0.9700393676757812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5364784598350525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5339540243148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5268845558166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4401256740093231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3659641742706299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.14436393976211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.11133968830108643}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775951159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189242","display_name":"Dilithium","level":4,"score":0.9700393676757812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5364784598350525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5339540243148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5268845558166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4401256740093231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3659641742706299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.14436393976211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11133968830108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118629725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2686738","display_name":"Deprotonation","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7901562585","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SaTC-1801488","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8346322174","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Medium: Collaborative: Countermeasures Against Side-Channels Attacks Targeting Hardware and Embedded System Implementations of Post-Quantum Cryptographic Algorithms","funder_award_id":"1801488","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607264302","https://openalex.org/W2095708839","https://openalex.org/W2131781690","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2315346806","https://openalex.org/W2556089725","https://openalex.org/W2686559348","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2968786179","https://openalex.org/W2991302695","https://openalex.org/W3016071202","https://openalex.org/W3095245686","https://openalex.org/W3116919536","https://openalex.org/W3128429511","https://openalex.org/W3139214619","https://openalex.org/W3157250574","https://openalex.org/W3159258450","https://openalex.org/W3166957364","https://openalex.org/W3186471288","https://openalex.org/W3195434025","https://openalex.org/W3216759333","https://openalex.org/W3216842157","https://openalex.org/W4214660968","https://openalex.org/W4280552546","https://openalex.org/W4293143765","https://openalex.org/W4296913431","https://openalex.org/W4307380322","https://openalex.org/W4308198585","https://openalex.org/W4311165831","https://openalex.org/W4312559487","https://openalex.org/W4313645570","https://openalex.org/W4362475146","https://openalex.org/W4379384493","https://openalex.org/W4384339345","https://openalex.org/W4385261553","https://openalex.org/W4385327521","https://openalex.org/W4385756739","https://openalex.org/W4386308000","https://openalex.org/W4386328197","https://openalex.org/W4386328278","https://openalex.org/W4386328296","https://openalex.org/W4387129556","https://openalex.org/W4388980202","https://openalex.org/W4389765270","https://openalex.org/W4390865640","https://openalex.org/W4391473781","https://openalex.org/W6885400785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3158626348","https://openalex.org/W2950221173","https://openalex.org/W1988497436","https://openalex.org/W2136354148","https://openalex.org/W4240909249","https://openalex.org/W2062077317","https://openalex.org/W1984667502","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Addressing":[0],"the":[1,22,38,44,77,131,158,165,194,199,213,220,228,239,249],"looming":[2],"threat":[3],"posed":[4],"by":[5,198],"quantum":[6],"computers":[7],"capable":[8],"of":[9,25,40,79,100,109,134,160,248],"breaching":[10],"current":[11,240],"public":[12,148],"key":[13],"cryptography":[14,89],"schemes":[15,42,104,215],"has":[16,66],"become":[17],"imperative.":[18],"To":[19],"this":[20],"end,":[21],"National":[23],"Institute":[24],"Standards":[26],"and":[27,52,74,96,115,176,186,242],"Technology":[28],"(NIST)":[29],"initiated":[30,197],"a":[31,49,62,122],"competition":[32,196],"in":[33,37,140,183,201,209,227],"Post-Quantum":[34],"Cryptography,":[35],"resulting":[36],"selection":[39],"four":[41,84],"as":[43],"new":[45,83,195,204,221],"standardized":[46,103],"replacements,":[47],"while":[48],"fourth":[50],"round":[51,56,207],"an":[53,245],"additional":[54],"signature":[55,64],"is":[57,105,138],"still":[58],"ongoing.":[59],"Notably,":[60],"CRYSTALS-Dilithium,":[61],"lattice-based":[63],"scheme,":[65],"exhibited":[67],"promising":[68],"resilience":[69],"due":[70],"to":[71,90,129,147,164,189,219,224,238],"its":[72],"efficiency":[73,111],"simplicity.":[75],"Despite":[76],"finalization":[78],"standardization":[80],"for":[81,154,203],"these":[82,91,101],"schemes,":[85],"transitioning":[86],"from":[87],"classical":[88],"alternatives":[92],"necessitates":[93],"further":[94],"investigation":[95],"analysis.":[97,118],"Comprehensive":[98],"scrutiny":[99],"newly":[102],"imperative,":[106],"including":[107],"considerations":[108],"implementation":[110],"across":[112],"various":[113],"platforms":[114],"side-channel":[116],"vulnerability":[117],"This":[119],"article":[120],"introduces":[121],"novel":[123],"design":[124,162],"leveraging":[125],"physical":[126,132],"unclonable":[127],"functions":[128],"bolster":[130],"security":[133,137,185],"CRYSTALS-Dilithium.":[135],"Physical":[136],"paramount":[139],"scenarios":[141],"where":[142],"network":[143],"nodes":[144],"are":[145],"exposed":[146],"scrutiny,":[149],"potentially":[150,212],"making":[151],"them":[152],"targets":[153],"adversaries.":[155],"After":[156],"discussing":[157],"advantages":[159],"our":[161,233],"compared":[163,188],"original":[166],"design,":[167],"we":[168],"implemented":[169],"it":[170],"on":[171],"two":[172],"different":[173],"architectures,":[174],"ARMv7":[175],"ARMv8.":[177],"Our":[178],"results":[179],"indicate":[180],"substantial":[181],"improvements":[182],"both":[184],"performance":[187],"existing":[190],"references.":[191],"Moreover,":[192],"noting":[193],"NIST":[200],"2023":[202],"signatures":[205],"(first":[206],"finalized":[208,226],"October":[210],"2024),":[211],"proposed":[214],"can":[216],"be":[217,225,244],"adopted":[218],"standards":[222,241],"set":[223],"coming":[229],"years.":[230],"These":[231],"make":[232],"scheme":[234],"not":[235],"solely":[236],"confined":[237],"would":[243],"important":[246],"merit":[247],"presented":[250],"approaches.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
