{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411550468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732140","title":"Algorithms in the Stacks: Investigating automated, for-profit diversity audits in public libraries","display_name":"Algorithms in the Stacks: Investigating automated, for-profit diversity audits in public libraries","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411550468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732140"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715275.3732140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732140","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732140","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055370366","display_name":"Melanie Walsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4558-3310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melanie Walsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4558-3310","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055706858","display_name":"Connor Franklin Rey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-7615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Connor Franklin Rey","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Diego State University, San Diego, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-7615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Diego State University, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118595950","display_name":"Chang Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8115-7438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8115-7438","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118595951","display_name":"Tina Nowak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tina Nowak","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2751-9534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046305810","display_name":"Sabina Tomkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2632-8173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabina Tomkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2632-8173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8062,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92236025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2071","last_page":"2086"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11657","display_name":"Digital and Traditional Archives Management","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1206","display_name":"Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11657","display_name":"Digital and Traditional Archives Management","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1206","display_name":"Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9502999782562256,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9287999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.7299299836158752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.6261906623840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5452996492385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.5245105028152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3472750782966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.30134862661361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.17897522449493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.14968544244766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.10037657618522644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.7299299836158752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.6261906623840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5452996492385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5245105028152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3472750782966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.30134862661361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.17897522449493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14968544244766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.10037657618522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715275.3732140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732140","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.14890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.14890","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.14890","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/198131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/198131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715275.3732140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732140","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189013435","https://openalex.org/W1530012436","https://openalex.org/W1808031214","https://openalex.org/W1859306660","https://openalex.org/W2020039861","https://openalex.org/W2039415487","https://openalex.org/W2042329562","https://openalex.org/W2042559889","https://openalex.org/W2056340560","https://openalex.org/W2058783180","https://openalex.org/W2065583499","https://openalex.org/W2128955271","https://openalex.org/W2134554019","https://openalex.org/W2136640317","https://openalex.org/W2150060521","https://openalex.org/W2321904653","https://openalex.org/W2330143367","https://openalex.org/W2490177424","https://openalex.org/W2504186502","https://openalex.org/W2897702578","https://openalex.org/W2911122801","https://openalex.org/W2943032471","https://openalex.org/W2992319600","https://openalex.org/W3002972902","https://openalex.org/W3003646990","https://openalex.org/W3010059704","https://openalex.org/W3013571594","https://openalex.org/W3132342054","https://openalex.org/W4214604646","https://openalex.org/W4220754702","https://openalex.org/W4220758432","https://openalex.org/W4234580964","https://openalex.org/W4246922337","https://openalex.org/W4280528151","https://openalex.org/W4283168787","https://openalex.org/W4285582417","https://openalex.org/W4288083793","https://openalex.org/W4288083800","https://openalex.org/W4288083801","https://openalex.org/W4306935389","https://openalex.org/W4307592344","https://openalex.org/W4310518869","https://openalex.org/W4365388135","https://openalex.org/W4380320234","https://openalex.org/W4380320641","https://openalex.org/W4385196521","https://openalex.org/W4385635012","https://openalex.org/W4386651208","https://openalex.org/W4387300892","https://openalex.org/W4396788595","https://openalex.org/W4399362537","https://openalex.org/W4399362708","https://openalex.org/W4399364677","https://openalex.org/W4399365038","https://openalex.org/W4404260058","https://openalex.org/W4405487216","https://openalex.org/W4407941912","https://openalex.org/W4413001045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2404937507","https://openalex.org/W3121186197","https://openalex.org/W2373849942","https://openalex.org/W151161666","https://openalex.org/W2030757640","https://openalex.org/W2118407572","https://openalex.org/W2071653420","https://openalex.org/W1967231687","https://openalex.org/W3101499207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Algorithmic":[0],"systems":[1],"are":[2,89],"increasingly":[3],"being":[4],"adopted":[5],"by":[6,47],"cultural":[7],"heritage":[8],"institutions":[9],"like":[10],"libraries.":[11],"In":[12],"this":[13],"study,":[14],"we":[15,33],"investigate":[16,67],"U.S.":[17,103],"public":[18,104,186],"libraries'":[19,165],"adoption":[20],"of":[21,102,113,192],"one":[22],"specific":[23],"automated":[24,27,51,92],"tool":[25],"--":[26,31],"collection":[28,176],"diversity":[29,52,177],"audits":[30,53,70,148,178],"which":[32],"see":[34],"as":[35,128],"an":[36,99],"illuminating":[37],"case":[38],"study":[39],"for":[40,132,174,185],"broader":[41,183],"trends.":[42],"Typically":[43],"developed":[44],"and":[45,63,78,116,134,139,162,179,198],"sold":[46],"commercial":[48,93],"book":[49],"distributors,":[50],"aim":[54],"to":[55,91,157],"evaluate":[56],"how":[57,68],"well":[58],"library":[59,73,123],"collections":[60,136],"reflect":[61,158,180],"demographic":[62],"thematic":[64],"diversity.":[65],"We":[66,119,170],"these":[69,126],"function,":[71],"whether":[72],"workers":[74,124],"find":[75,120],"them":[76],"useful,":[77],"what":[79],"is":[80],"at":[81,143,189],"stake":[82],"when":[83],"sensitive,":[84],"normative":[85],"decisions":[86],"about":[87],"representation":[88],"outsourced":[90],"systems.":[94],"Our":[95],"analysis":[96],"draws":[97],"on":[98,168,181],"anonymous":[100],"survey":[101],"librarians":[105],"(n=99),":[106],"interviews":[107],"with":[108,172],"14":[109],"librarians,":[110],"a":[111],"sample":[112],"purchasing":[114],"records,":[115],"vendor":[117],"documentation.":[118],"that":[121],"many":[122],"view":[125],"tools":[127],"convenient,":[129],"time-saving":[130],"solutions":[131],"assessing":[133],"diversifying":[135],"under":[137],"real":[138],"increasing":[140],"constraints.":[141],"Yet":[142],"the":[144,147,182,190],"same":[145],"time,":[146],"often":[149],"flatten":[150],"complex":[151],"identities":[152],"into":[153],"standardized":[154],"categories,":[155],"fail":[156],"local":[159],"community":[160],"needs,":[161],"further":[163],"entrench":[164],"infrastructural":[166],"dependence":[167],"vendors.":[169],"conclude":[171],"recommendations":[173],"improving":[175],"implications":[184],"libraries":[187],"operating":[188],"intersection":[191],"AI":[193],"adoption,":[194],"escalating":[195],"anti-DEI":[196],"backlash,":[197],"politically":[199],"motivated":[200],"defunding.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}