{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411550184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732016","title":"Classifying Hate: Legal and Ethical Evaluations of ML-Assisted Hate Crime Classification and Estimation in Sweden","display_name":"Classifying Hate: Legal and Ethical Evaluations of ML-Assisted Hate Crime Classification and Estimation in Sweden","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411550184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715275.3732016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732016","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3715275.3732016","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3715275.3732016","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080083973","display_name":"Holli Sargeant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3482-7789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holli Sargeant","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3482-7789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079344622","display_name":"Hannes Waldetoft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7326-6231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannes Waldetoft","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7326-6231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101739005","display_name":"M\u00e5ns Magnusson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0296-2719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e5ns Magnusson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0296-2719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06874392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"195","last_page":"208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13877","display_name":"Law in Society and Culture","score":0.9304999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hate-crime","display_name":"Hate crime","score":0.7039189338684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.510898768901825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4770607054233551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.39194923639297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.36245137453079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3376779556274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2700040340423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18066909909248352}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992380910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459409","display_name":"Hate crime","level":2,"score":0.7039189338684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.510898768901825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4770607054233551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.39194923639297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.36245137453079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3376779556274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2700040340423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18066909909248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715275.3732016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732016","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3715275.3732016","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:uu-567961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-567961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402042","display_name":"Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","host_organization_name":"Uppsala University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/391887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/391887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Object"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715275.3732016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732016","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3715275.3732016","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331400","display_name":"L\u00e4nsf\u00f6rs\u00e4kringar","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411550184.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411550184.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W300483828","https://openalex.org/W581130108","https://openalex.org/W637651406","https://openalex.org/W1855692725","https://openalex.org/W2049066224","https://openalex.org/W2053454063","https://openalex.org/W2081011876","https://openalex.org/W2089458862","https://openalex.org/W2153412931","https://openalex.org/W2170450544","https://openalex.org/W2172157100","https://openalex.org/W2266406394","https://openalex.org/W2415873343","https://openalex.org/W2529251251","https://openalex.org/W2584805976","https://openalex.org/W2599025709","https://openalex.org/W2617053230","https://openalex.org/W2770044449","https://openalex.org/W2788007910","https://openalex.org/W2887782043","https://openalex.org/W2889998846","https://openalex.org/W2892439346","https://openalex.org/W2901924613","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2949678053","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2967578682","https://openalex.org/W2969662548","https://openalex.org/W2970415438","https://openalex.org/W2980381265","https://openalex.org/W3088653163","https://openalex.org/W3101206394","https://openalex.org/W3119833812","https://openalex.org/W3123074717","https://openalex.org/W3130399495","https://openalex.org/W4281799859","https://openalex.org/W4287888350","https://openalex.org/W4386424633","https://openalex.org/W4392728800","https://openalex.org/W4393406239","https://openalex.org/W4399365130","https://openalex.org/W4399758878"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1929478136","https://openalex.org/W3149159579","https://openalex.org/W4300864513","https://openalex.org/W1991416483","https://openalex.org/W1586312949","https://openalex.org/W1878770210","https://openalex.org/W2932109723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hate":[0],"crimes,":[1,77,142],"driven":[2],"by":[3],"biases":[4],"against":[5],"specific":[6],"demographic":[7],"groups,":[8],"harm":[9],"not":[10],"only":[11],"individuals":[12],"but":[13],"undermine":[14],"the":[15,36,46,56,68,104,117,136],"security,":[16],"trust,":[17],"and":[18,35,62,85,94,100,124,138],"cohesion":[19],"of":[20,38,48,58,75,120,140],"entire":[21],"communities.Accurately":[22],"identifying":[23],"such":[24],"crimes":[25],"remains":[26],"a":[27,49],"significant":[28],"challenge":[29],"due":[30],"to":[31,54,90,145],"under-reporting,":[32],"limited":[33],"training,":[34],"complexity":[37],"determining":[39],"bias":[40],"motivations.In":[41],"this":[42,126],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,115],"analyze":[45],"results":[47,66],"text":[50],"classification":[51,74],"model":[52,69,105],"developed":[53],"improve":[55],"precision":[57,80],"hate":[59,76,141],"crime":[60,83],"statistics":[61],"identification":[63],"in":[64],"Sweden.Empirical":[65],"indicate":[67],"outperforms":[70],"traditional":[71],"manual":[72],"police":[73],"achieving":[78],"higher":[79],"across":[81],"various":[82],"types":[84],"regions.We":[86],"further":[87],"disaggregate":[88],"performance":[89],"pinpoint":[91],"persistent":[92],"challenges":[93],"highlight":[95],"categories":[96],"where":[97],"both":[98],"human":[99],"machine":[101],"decision-makers":[102],"struggle.While":[103],"focuses":[106],"on":[107],"statistical":[108],"estimation":[109],"rather":[110],"than":[111],"direct":[112],"case-level":[113],"decision-making,":[114],"discuss":[116],"broader":[118],"implications":[119],"algorithmic":[121],"transparency,":[122],"accountability,":[123],"explainability.Ultimately,":[125],"research":[127],"illustrates":[128],"how":[129],"transformer-based":[130],"neural":[131],"networks":[132],"can":[133],"responsibly":[134],"bolster":[135],"detection":[137],"understanding":[139],"informing":[143],"policies":[144],"better":[146],"protect":[147],"vulnerable":[148],"communities.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}