{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410067994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715014.3722050","title":"mmET: mmWave Radar-Based Eye Tracking on Smart Glasses","display_name":"mmET: mmWave Radar-Based Eye Tracking on Smart Glasses","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410067994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715014.3722050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715014.3722050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715014.3722050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715014.3722050","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040416238","display_name":"Ruichun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0832-569X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruichun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, USA","Yale University, New Haven, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090533314","display_name":"Yasuo Morimoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7696-1591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuo Morimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082590253","display_name":"John S. Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9458-9033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John S. Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065004270","display_name":"Sam Shiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Shiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030764233","display_name":"Jiang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5876-5450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040416238"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9397,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83506835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"30","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.610818088054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6077849864959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.5299326777458191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.47910287976264954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4600823223590851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3374660015106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3360201418399811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2722512483596802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22147497534751892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.610818088054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6077849864959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.5299326777458191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.47910287976264954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4600823223590851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3374660015106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3360201418399811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2722512483596802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22147497534751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715014.3722050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715014.3722050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3715014.3722050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3715014.3722050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984288464","https://openalex.org/W2004210808","https://openalex.org/W2004496150","https://openalex.org/W2029468290","https://openalex.org/W2045406288","https://openalex.org/W2062000228","https://openalex.org/W2063726249","https://openalex.org/W2077869260","https://openalex.org/W2156964236","https://openalex.org/W2166651347","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2593093587","https://openalex.org/W2793725354","https://openalex.org/W2796228338","https://openalex.org/W2895930776","https://openalex.org/W2906424389","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3035708560","https://openalex.org/W3046260746","https://openalex.org/W3089079408","https://openalex.org/W3094323078","https://openalex.org/W4205097557","https://openalex.org/W4282839915","https://openalex.org/W4311413450","https://openalex.org/W4312364565","https://openalex.org/W4312746358","https://openalex.org/W4312853449","https://openalex.org/W4317761490","https://openalex.org/W4385227136","https://openalex.org/W4385719937","https://openalex.org/W4387212504","https://openalex.org/W4388543707","https://openalex.org/W4392120932","https://openalex.org/W4393290239","https://openalex.org/W4395666400","https://openalex.org/W4395685900","https://openalex.org/W4396910022","https://openalex.org/W4399121675","https://openalex.org/W4399121783","https://openalex.org/W4402727329","https://openalex.org/W4405014156"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084086966","https://openalex.org/W2158788032","https://openalex.org/W2105035414","https://openalex.org/W2553357593","https://openalex.org/W337130175","https://openalex.org/W2380612839","https://openalex.org/W1567854708","https://openalex.org/W2394397806","https://openalex.org/W2653893021","https://openalex.org/W4235384131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,46,70,79,82,88,164,174],"growing":[2],"popularity":[3],"of":[4,61,153],"VR":[5],"and":[6,17,28,77,84,96,108,157,162],"AR":[7],"devices,":[8],"eye":[9,30,50],"tracking":[10,31,51],"has":[11],"become":[12],"a":[13,25,59,117],"critical":[14],"user":[15],"interface":[16],"input":[18],"modality":[19],"for":[20,33,136,168],"on-device":[21],"AI":[22],"agents.":[23],"However,":[24],"compact,":[26],"power-efficient,":[27],"robust":[29],"solution":[32],"AR/smart":[34],"glasses":[35],"remains":[36],"an":[37,147],"unsolved":[38],"challenge.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"we":[43,99],"present":[44],"mmET,":[45],"first":[47],"mmWave":[48,66],"radar-based":[49],"system":[52,89],"on":[53],"glasses.":[54],"Our":[55],"system,":[56],"implemented":[57],"as":[58,87],"pair":[60],"prototype":[62],"glasses,":[63],"utilizes":[64],"sub-1cm":[65],"radars":[67,73],"placed":[68],"near":[69],"eyes.":[71],"The":[72],"transmit":[74],"FMCW":[75],"signals":[76],"capture":[78],"reflections":[80],"from":[81],"eyes":[83],"surrounding":[85],"skin":[86],"input.":[90],"To":[91],"refine":[92],"gaze":[93,150],"estimation":[94],"accuracy":[95],"data":[97,166],"efficiency,":[98],"propose":[100],"several":[101],"novel":[102,118],"methods:":[103],"(1)":[104],"concatenating":[105],"multiple":[106],"chirps":[107],"beamforming":[109],"with":[110,129,140],"learnable":[111],"weights":[112],"to":[113,122,132],"improve":[114],"resolution,":[115],"(2)":[116],"neural":[119],"network":[120],"architecture":[121],"enhance":[123],"robustness":[124],"against":[125],"remounting,":[126],"(3)":[127],"pretraining":[128],"contrastive":[130],"loss":[131],"enable":[133],"fast":[134],"adaptation":[135],"new":[137,169],"users.":[138],"Experiments":[139],"16":[141],"participants":[142],"show":[143],"that":[144],"mmET":[145],"achieves":[146],"average":[148],"angular":[149],"direction":[151],"error":[152],"1.49\u00b0":[154],"within":[155],"sessions":[156],"4.47\u00b0":[158],"across":[159],"remounting":[160],"sessions,":[161],"reduces":[163],"training":[165],"needed":[167],"users":[170],"by":[171],"80%":[172],"using":[173],"pretrained":[175],"model.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}