{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407241474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3712197","title":"WebAssembly for Container Runtime: Are We There Yet?","display_name":"WebAssembly for Container Runtime: Are We There Yet?","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407241474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3712197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3712197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3712197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104285228","display_name":"Mugeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7625-8721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092262","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00dh5gw98","country_code":"RO","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799732796","https://openalex.org/I4210092262"]}],"countries":["CN","RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mugeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE, School of Computer Science, Peking University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092262"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE, School of Computer Science, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100568210","display_name":"Haiyang Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyang Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China","Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396618","display_name":"Yixuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-0165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092262","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00dh5gw98","country_code":"RO","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799732796","https://openalex.org/I4210092262"]}],"countries":["CN","RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE, School of Computer Science, Peking University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092262"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE, School of Computer Science, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633784","display_name":"Hong Mei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2380-3976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092262","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00dh5gw98","country_code":"RO","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799732796","https://openalex.org/I4210092262"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN","RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE, School of Computer Science, Peking University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092262"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE, School of Computer Science, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101614814","display_name":"Yun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7866-4075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China","Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104285228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210092262"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.8886,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98204143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8375903964042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.822165846824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandbox","display_name":"Sandbox (software development)","score":0.6305773854255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.6235920190811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-portability","display_name":"Software portability","score":0.5041681528091431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4943416118621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4871037006378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.46145710349082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/runtime-system","display_name":"Runtime system","score":0.4606070816516876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4536750018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.41788449883461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36624613404273987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8375903964042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.822165846824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2667186","display_name":"Sandbox (software development)","level":2,"score":0.6305773854255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.6235920190811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.5041681528091431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4943416118621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4871037006378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.46145710349082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780870223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1004415","display_name":"Runtime system","level":2,"score":0.4606070816516876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4536750018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.41788449883461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36624613404273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3712197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3712197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555168845","https://openalex.org/W2011791509","https://openalex.org/W2611972309","https://openalex.org/W2625141509","https://openalex.org/W2788712478","https://openalex.org/W2963620697","https://openalex.org/W2981791765","https://openalex.org/W2992672771","https://openalex.org/W3027366302","https://openalex.org/W3048086351","https://openalex.org/W3112572460","https://openalex.org/W3152950651","https://openalex.org/W3155555003","https://openalex.org/W3185527062","https://openalex.org/W3211290491","https://openalex.org/W4252507631","https://openalex.org/W4282962713","https://openalex.org/W4293547371","https://openalex.org/W4312045675","https://openalex.org/W4313889498","https://openalex.org/W4315480688","https://openalex.org/W4321446241","https://openalex.org/W4383067302","https://openalex.org/W4384154547","https://openalex.org/W4388483684","https://openalex.org/W7075995865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033352828","https://openalex.org/W3208250511","https://openalex.org/W2355810117","https://openalex.org/W3098313552","https://openalex.org/W70177500","https://openalex.org/W2546418048","https://openalex.org/W2076427967","https://openalex.org/W1980315004","https://openalex.org/W3212184609","https://openalex.org/W2242847901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,58],"pursue":[1],"more":[2],"efficient":[3],"software":[4,56,171,190],"deployment":[5],"with":[6,79],"containers,":[7,154],"WebAssembly":[8],"(abbreviated":[9],"as":[10,16,25,119],"Wasm)":[11],"has":[12],"long":[13],"been":[14],"regarded":[15],"a":[17],"promising":[18],"alternative":[19],"to":[20,29,126,152],"native":[21,84],"container":[22,72,82,109,118,174,186],"runtime":[23,73,87],"(such":[24],"Docker":[26,81,117,153],"container)":[27,76],"due":[28],"its":[30],"features":[31],"of":[32,93,138,183],"secure":[33],"memory":[34],"sandbox,":[35],"lightweight":[36],"isolation,":[37],"portability,":[38],"and":[39,47,83,100,121,163,176],"multi-language":[40],"support.":[41],"However,":[42],"it":[43],"remains":[44],"unknown":[45],"whether":[46],"how":[48],"much":[49],"Wasm":[50,75,86,108,129,142,161,173,178],"indeed":[51],"brings":[52],"benefits":[53],"for":[54,88,141],"containerized":[55],"applications.":[57],"fill":[59],"the":[60,66,80,94,107,116,127,135,147,164,177,181],"knowledge":[61],"gap,":[62],"this":[63],"paper":[64],"presents":[65],"first":[67],"measurement":[68],"study":[69],"on":[70],"Wasm-based":[71,185],"(i.e.,":[74],"by":[77,160],"comparison":[78],"standalone":[85,128],"execution":[89],"performance":[90,114,139],"in":[91],"terms":[92],"startup,":[95],"computation,":[96],"system":[97],"interface":[98],"access,":[99],"resource":[101],"consumption.":[102],"Surprisingly,":[103],"we":[104,133],"find":[105],"that":[106],"does":[110],"not":[111],"achieve":[112],"better":[113],"versus":[115],"expected":[120],"introduces":[122],"significant":[123],"overhead":[124,150],"compared":[125],"runtime.":[130],"Through":[131],"comparison,":[132],"identify":[134],"main":[136],"causes":[137],"degradation":[140],"containers.":[143],"Some":[144],"stem":[145],"from":[146],"heavy":[148],"containerization":[149],"similar":[151],"while":[155],"others":[156],"are":[157],"inherently":[158],"caused":[159],"VMs":[162],"WASI":[165],"interface.":[166],"Our":[167],"findings":[168],"can":[169],"help":[170],"developers,":[172],"developers":[175],"community":[179],"improve":[180],"efficiency":[182],"utilizing":[184],"runtime,":[187],"ultimately":[188],"optimizing":[189],"performance.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}