{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411369288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711919.3728677","title":"Architecture Matters: Understanding How LLM Model Types Influence Harmful Language Detection in Technical Contexts","display_name":"Architecture Matters: Understanding How LLM Model Types Influence Harmful Language Detection in Technical Contexts","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411369288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711919.3728677"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3711919.3728677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711919.3728677","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Responsible Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711919.3728677","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081425270","display_name":"J. Jacas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6294-0320"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Jacas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clarksburg High School, Clarksburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6294-0320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clarksburg High School, Clarksburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042643354","display_name":"Hana Winchester","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hana Winchester","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3697-6536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065829888","display_name":"Alicia E. Boyd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-3823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alicia E. Boyd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-3823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115076637","display_name":"Brittany Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0271-9647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brittany Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0271-9647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06020126,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"7","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6990736722946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5404695868492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3862306773662567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.36540672183036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3285145163536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17127129435539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.0736045241355896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6990736722946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5404695868492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3862306773662567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.36540672183036804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3285145163536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17127129435539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0736045241355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3711919.3728677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711919.3728677","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Responsible Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3711919.3728677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711919.3728677","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Responsible Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2315229012","https://openalex.org/W2963078909","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3040980037","https://openalex.org/W3084929802","https://openalex.org/W3094099575","https://openalex.org/W4281659388","https://openalex.org/W4283210329","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4295857769","https://openalex.org/W4390590855","https://openalex.org/W4398239344","https://openalex.org/W4405026651"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"harmful":[1,26,81],"and":[2,50,61,69,82,97,131,135],"non-inclusive":[3,83],"terminology":[4],"in":[5,14,101,137,141],"technical":[6,35,142],"contexts":[7],"is":[8],"critical":[9],"for":[10,126],"fostering":[11,138],"inclusive":[12,139],"environments":[13],"computing.":[15],"This":[16],"study":[17],"explores":[18],"the":[19,121],"impact":[20],"of":[21,34,47,123],"LLM":[22],"model":[23,72],"architecture":[24],"on":[25],"language":[27,52,84],"detection":[28,129],"by":[29],"evaluating":[30],"a":[31,45,76],"curated":[32],"database":[33],"terms,":[36],"each":[37],"paired":[38],"with":[39,75,116],"specific":[40],"use":[41],"cases.":[42],"We":[43,119],"tested":[44],"range":[46],"encoder,":[48],"decoder,":[49],"encoder-decoder":[51],"models,":[53,92],"including":[54],"BERT-base-uncased,":[55],"RoBERTa":[56],"large-mnli,":[57],"Gemini":[58,94],"Flash":[59,95],"1.5":[60],"2.0,":[62],"GPT-4,":[63],"Claude":[64,98],"AI":[65],"Sonnet":[66],"3.5,":[67],"T5-large,":[68],"BART-large-mnli.":[70],"Each":[71],"was":[73],"presented":[74],"standardized":[77],"prompt":[78],"to":[79],"identify":[80],"across":[85],"64":[86],"terms.":[87],"Results":[88],"reveal":[89],"that":[90],"decoder":[91],"particularly":[93],"2.0":[96],"AI,":[99],"excel":[100],"nuanced":[102],"contextual":[103],"analysis,":[104],"while":[105],"encoder":[106],"models":[107],"like":[108],"BERT":[109],"exhibit":[110],"strong":[111],"pattern":[112],"recognition":[113],"but":[114],"struggle":[115],"classification":[117],"certainty.":[118],"discuss":[120],"implications":[122],"these":[124],"findings":[125],"improving":[127],"automated":[128],"tools":[130],"highlight":[132],"model-specific":[133],"strengths":[134],"limitations":[136],"communication":[140],"domains.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}