{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406371438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711900","title":"Multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Key Generation for Graph Layer Security","display_name":"Multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Key Generation for Graph Layer Security","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406371438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3711900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456505","display_name":"Liang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-9546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["school of cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"school of cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101945882","display_name":"Zi\u2010Jie Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuangkun Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Imperial College London, London United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062362866","display_name":"Weisi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3524-3953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weisi Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100456505"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7312,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67877808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8155032396316528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6916948556900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.679943323135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.49434566497802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.49283266067504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4593942165374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4558183252811432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.45529603958129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4477246403694153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.43242406845092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-exchange","display_name":"Key exchange","score":0.41721469163894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4059343934059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3828773498535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.3311951756477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.31327736377716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1915399432182312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8155032396316528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6916948556900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.679943323135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.49434566497802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.49283266067504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4593942165374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4558183252811432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.45529603958129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4477246403694153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.43242406845092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.41721469163894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4059343934059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3828773498535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3311951756477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.31327736377716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1915399432182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3711900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1970334960","https://openalex.org/W2015105729","https://openalex.org/W2031485429","https://openalex.org/W2127697497","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2155027007","https://openalex.org/W2155086857","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2295120647","https://openalex.org/W2566769952","https://openalex.org/W2576179182","https://openalex.org/W2621968521","https://openalex.org/W2765982206","https://openalex.org/W2796646817","https://openalex.org/W2871034735","https://openalex.org/W2896570695","https://openalex.org/W2898242456","https://openalex.org/W2945217752","https://openalex.org/W2957382329","https://openalex.org/W2963117265","https://openalex.org/W2963738497","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2968764495","https://openalex.org/W2969195240","https://openalex.org/W2981828647","https://openalex.org/W3000406194","https://openalex.org/W3005773468","https://openalex.org/W3033356873","https://openalex.org/W3087782700","https://openalex.org/W3088972703","https://openalex.org/W3105649577","https://openalex.org/W3180789318","https://openalex.org/W3186061932","https://openalex.org/W3188286850","https://openalex.org/W3194394973","https://openalex.org/W4206016832","https://openalex.org/W4226330150","https://openalex.org/W4226497377","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W4299802797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320075926","https://openalex.org/W3167206921","https://openalex.org/W1919042217","https://openalex.org/W3080982036","https://openalex.org/W3205185567","https://openalex.org/W3209591750","https://openalex.org/W2995273700","https://openalex.org/W4401387566","https://openalex.org/W2123811836","https://openalex.org/W2888183313"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,21,37,89,172,196],"emergence":[2],"of":[3,5,20,39,92,204],"Internet":[4],"Things":[6],"(IoT)":[7],"devices":[8],"has":[9,199],"posed":[10],"a":[11,115,128,184],"challenge":[12],"for":[13,45,59,72,106,120],"securing":[14],"information":[15,43,166],"and":[16,61,109,123,164,176,186,210],"avoiding":[17],"attacks.":[18],"Most":[19],"cryptography":[22],"solutions":[23],"are":[24],"based":[25,133,150],"on":[26,63,134,151],"physical":[27,93,155],"layer":[28,84],"security":[29,85,119],"(PLS),":[30],"whose":[31],"idea":[32],"is":[33,57,69,114],"to":[34,81,87,103,118,145,170],"fully":[35],"exploit":[36,88],"properties":[38],"wireless":[40],"channel":[41,55],"state":[42],"(CSI)":[44],"generating":[46],"symmetric":[47,148],"keys":[48,105,149],"between":[49],"two":[50],"communication":[51,143],"nodes.":[52],"However,":[53],"accurate":[54],"estimation":[56],"vulnerable":[58],"attackers":[60],"relies":[62],"powerful":[64],"signal":[65],"processing":[66],"capability,":[67],"which":[68,111,141],"not":[70],"suitable":[71],"low-power":[73],"IoT":[74,97],"devices.":[75],"In":[76,168],"this":[77],"article,":[78],"we":[79,112,174],"expect":[80],"apply":[82],"graph":[83],"(GLS)":[86],"common":[90],"features":[91],"dynamics":[94,156],"detected":[95,154],"by":[96],"sensors":[98],"placed":[99],"in":[100,182,202],"networked":[101],"systems":[102],"generate":[104,147],"data":[107],"encryption":[108],"decryption,":[110],"believe":[113],"new":[116],"frontier":[117],"both":[121,183],"industry":[122],"academic":[124],"research.":[125],"We":[126],"propose":[127],"distributed":[129],"key":[130,179],"generation":[131,180],"algorithm":[132,181,198],"multi-agent":[135],"deep":[136],"reinforcement":[137],"learning":[138],"(MADRL)":[139],"approach,":[140],"enables":[142],"nodes":[144],"cooperatively":[146],"their":[152],"locally":[153],"(e.g.,":[157],"water/gas/oil/electrical":[158],"pressure/flow/voltage)":[159],"with":[160],"low":[161],"computational":[162],"complexity":[163],"without":[165],"exchange.":[167],"order":[169],"demonstrate":[171],"feasibility,":[173],"conduct":[175],"evaluate":[177],"our":[178],"simulated":[185],"real":[187],"water":[188],"distribution":[189],"network.":[190],"The":[191],"experimental":[192],"results":[193],"show":[194],"that":[195],"proposed":[197],"considerable":[200],"performance":[201],"terms":[203],"randomness,":[205],"bit":[206],"agreement":[207],"rate":[208],"(BAR),":[209],"so":[211],"on.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}