{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406677837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711853","title":"Don't Splat your Gaussians: Volumetric Ray-Traced Primitives for Modeling and Rendering Scattering and Emissive Media","display_name":"Don't Splat your Gaussians: Volumetric Ray-Traced Primitives for Modeling and Rendering Scattering and Emissive Media","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406677837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711853"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3711853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711853","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023609984","display_name":"Jorge Condor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9958-0118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Condor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Reality Labs, Zurich, Switzerland and Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland","Meta Reality Labs, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9958-0118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs, Zurich, Switzerland and Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001308099","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Speierer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6919-7567"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastien Speierer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Reality Labs, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6919-7567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012907080","display_name":"Lukas Bode","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8710-8561"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Bode","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Reality Labs, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8710-8561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013022879","display_name":"Alja\u017e Bo\u017ei\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2985-6921"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aljaz Bozic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Reality Labs, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2985-6921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039928052","display_name":"Simon Green","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5323-1170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111288","display_name":"Meta (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/020ye1821","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111288","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Reality Labs, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5323-1170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016434967","display_name":"Piotr Didyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0768-8939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piotr Didyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0768-8939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021989787","display_name":"Adri\u00e1n Jarabo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9000-0466"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Jarabo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Reality Labs, Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9000-0466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs, Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.9241,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9959429,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7751791477203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.6949582695960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5417304039001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-rendering","display_name":"3D rendering","score":0.4582909345626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.41716575622558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3561387062072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3422732949256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21543362736701965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2039179801940918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7751791477203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.6949582695960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5417304039001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36816356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16911860","display_name":"3D rendering","level":3,"score":0.4582909345626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.41716575622558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3561387062072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3422732949256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21543362736701965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2039179801940918}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3711853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3711853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7195229987","display_name":"Perception-aware Optimizations for Appearance and Tactile Fabrication","funder_award_id":"200502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531031172","https://openalex.org/W1531888365","https://openalex.org/W1564611446","https://openalex.org/W1905963256","https://openalex.org/W1978466584","https://openalex.org/W1985690171","https://openalex.org/W1986998032","https://openalex.org/W1994947022","https://openalex.org/W1999024885","https://openalex.org/W2010049697","https://openalex.org/W2013703730","https://openalex.org/W2033311444","https://openalex.org/W2038305449","https://openalex.org/W2044172534","https://openalex.org/W2048503982","https://openalex.org/W2062461642","https://openalex.org/W2066334759","https://openalex.org/W2068303776","https://openalex.org/W2073278071","https://openalex.org/W2087714735","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2135314751","https://openalex.org/W2150128927","https://openalex.org/W2151047098","https://openalex.org/W2261730354","https://openalex.org/W2337491223","https://openalex.org/W2473361822","https://openalex.org/W2553640130","https://openalex.org/W2555608602","https://openalex.org/W2589222254","https://openalex.org/W2596964193","https://openalex.org/W2619903945","https://openalex.org/W2725505092","https://openalex.org/W2738821415","https://openalex.org/W2755063399","https://openalex.org/W2770723990","https://openalex.org/W2800386382","https://openalex.org/W2806536237","https://openalex.org/W2811288297","https://openalex.org/W2884503874","https://openalex.org/W2903392260","https://openalex.org/W2952748422","https://openalex.org/W2983579636","https://openalex.org/W2986860185","https://openalex.org/W3049721332","https://openalex.org/W3092948912","https://openalex.org/W3105047509","https://openalex.org/W3134122898","https://openalex.org/W3136212143","https://openalex.org/W3144979786","https://openalex.org/W3180731720","https://openalex.org/W3185668329","https://openalex.org/W3187004481","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4234110353","https://openalex.org/W4235745742","https://openalex.org/W4245933748","https://openalex.org/W4286616163","https://openalex.org/W4287285272","https://openalex.org/W4287689018","https://openalex.org/W4298153330","https://openalex.org/W4311432404","https://openalex.org/W4321855224","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4385713986","https://openalex.org/W4391136367","https://openalex.org/W6639566258","https://openalex.org/W6646887304","https://openalex.org/W6648990296","https://openalex.org/W6663068816","https://openalex.org/W6667491955","https://openalex.org/W6682428241","https://openalex.org/W6682496592","https://openalex.org/W6738446125","https://openalex.org/W6740258916","https://openalex.org/W6745973370","https://openalex.org/W6753469153","https://openalex.org/W6769982588","https://openalex.org/W6892045287","https://openalex.org/W7024969007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W291250033","https://openalex.org/W2035757446","https://openalex.org/W3137044537","https://openalex.org/W2008385118","https://openalex.org/W880955280","https://openalex.org/W2172753644","https://openalex.org/W2170209930","https://openalex.org/W2106647072","https://openalex.org/W4246858109","https://openalex.org/W2093326104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"scene":[1,51,171],"representations":[2,39],"are":[3],"essential":[4],"for":[5,40,50,85,91],"many":[6],"computer":[7],"graphics":[8],"applications.":[9],"A":[10],"general":[11],"unified":[12],"representation":[13],"that":[14,53],"can":[15],"handle":[16],"both":[17,114],"surfaces":[18],"and":[19,33,65,71,87,94,116,126,134,156,176,190,195,205],"volumes":[20],"simultaneously":[21],"remains":[22],"a":[23,31],"research":[24],"challenge.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"work":[28],"we":[29,63,124],"propose":[30,95],"compact":[32],"efficient":[34,162],"alternative":[35,163],"to":[36,59,98,140,164,185,192],"existing":[37],"volumetric":[38,79,106],"rendering":[41,118,196],"such":[42,201],"as":[43,160,202],"voxel":[44],"grids.":[45],"Inspired":[46],"by":[47],"recent":[48],"methods":[49],"reconstruction":[52,172],"leverage":[54],"mixtures":[55,75],"of":[56,69,76,119,143,180],"three-dimensional":[57],"Gaussians":[58],"model":[60],"radiance":[61,131,188],"fields,":[62],"formalize":[64],"generalize":[66],"the":[67,144,153,165],"modeling":[68,194],"scattering":[70,121],"emissive":[72],"media":[73],"using":[74],"simple":[77],"kernel-based":[78,193],"primitives.":[80],"We":[81,109,150],"introduce":[82,152],"closed-form":[83],"solutions":[84],"transmittance":[86],"free-flight":[88],"distance":[89],"sampling":[90],"different":[92],"kernels":[93],"several":[96],"optimizations":[97],"use":[99],"our":[100,111,128,181],"method":[101,112,129],"efficiently":[102],"within":[103],"any":[104,197],"off-the-shelf":[105],"path":[107],"tracer.":[108],"demonstrate":[110,157],"in":[113,130,170],"forward":[115],"inverse":[117],"complex":[120,206],"media.":[122],"Furthermore,":[123],"adapt":[125],"showcase":[127],"field":[132],"optimization":[133],"rendering,":[135],"providing":[136],"additional":[137],"flexibility":[138],"compared":[139],"current":[141],"state":[142],"art":[145],"given":[146],"its":[147,158],"ray-tracing":[148],"formulation.":[149],"also":[151],"Epanechnikov":[154],"kernel":[155,169],"potential":[159],"an":[161],"traditionally":[166],"used":[167],"Gaussian":[168],"tasks.":[173],"The":[174],"versatility":[175],"physically":[177],"based":[178],"nature":[179],"approach":[182],"allows":[183],"us":[184],"go":[186],"beyond":[187],"fields":[189],"bring":[191],"path-tracing":[198],"enabled":[199],"functionality":[200],"scattering,":[203],"relighting,":[204],"camera":[207],"models.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}