{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410061042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711045","title":"Perceiving and Countering Hate: The Role of Identity in Online Responses","display_name":"Perceiving and Countering Hate: The Role of Identity in Online Responses","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410061042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3711045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/44d019d9-d295-4961-905d-068cd46b06ac/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038295952","display_name":"Kaike Ping","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7520-7503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaike Ping","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027313517","display_name":"James E.Hawdon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0273-2227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Hawdon","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054447687","display_name":"Eugenia Ha Rim Rho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-4397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugenia H Rho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038295952"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5896,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94080843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11540","display_name":"Gender, Feminism, and Media","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.7532614469528198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-orientation","display_name":"Sexual orientation","score":0.7068548202514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderation","display_name":"Moderation","score":0.6545748114585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/openness-to-experience","display_name":"Openness to experience","score":0.6410945653915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.6014282703399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.5868625640869141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.548987090587616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.433207631111145}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7532614469528198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777997956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17888","display_name":"Sexual orientation","level":2,"score":0.7068548202514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93225998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972","display_name":"Moderation","level":2,"score":0.6545748114585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.6410945653915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.6014282703399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.5868625640869141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.548987090587616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.433207631111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3711045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3711045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/136995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919/136995","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/44d019d9-d295-4961-905d-068cd46b06ac/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/136995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919/136995","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/44d019d9-d295-4961-905d-068cd46b06ac/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410061042.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410061042.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577678475","https://openalex.org/W2019779363","https://openalex.org/W2023434958","https://openalex.org/W2071365109","https://openalex.org/W2079246489","https://openalex.org/W2091559129","https://openalex.org/W2094203099","https://openalex.org/W2096848647","https://openalex.org/W2102956669","https://openalex.org/W2127063197","https://openalex.org/W2132515171","https://openalex.org/W2136729801","https://openalex.org/W2161129598","https://openalex.org/W2323368791","https://openalex.org/W2327037637","https://openalex.org/W2332013653","https://openalex.org/W2425438624","https://openalex.org/W2515419660","https://openalex.org/W2593789973","https://openalex.org/W2611783681","https://openalex.org/W2747009031","https://openalex.org/W2765861749","https://openalex.org/W2774215862","https://openalex.org/W2775336929","https://openalex.org/W2783049859","https://openalex.org/W2783994054","https://openalex.org/W2790981944","https://openalex.org/W2797630160","https://openalex.org/W2801267439","https://openalex.org/W2807297336","https://openalex.org/W2809547983","https://openalex.org/W2890110226","https://openalex.org/W2898940449","https://openalex.org/W2898958889","https://openalex.org/W2925224691","https://openalex.org/W2929079142","https://openalex.org/W2945796271","https://openalex.org/W2963446316","https://openalex.org/W2963790884","https://openalex.org/W2968077905","https://openalex.org/W2969662548","https://openalex.org/W2980834208","https://openalex.org/W2986885494","https://openalex.org/W2991291755","https://openalex.org/W2991822686","https://openalex.org/W2992252352","https://openalex.org/W2997030806","https://openalex.org/W3003819430","https://openalex.org/W3016675593","https://openalex.org/W3020189276","https://openalex.org/W3032633937","https://openalex.org/W3037572404","https://openalex.org/W3037799871","https://openalex.org/W3083108850","https://openalex.org/W3094450620","https://openalex.org/W3103132648","https://openalex.org/W3122267514","https://openalex.org/W3122328384","https://openalex.org/W3123078256","https://openalex.org/W3142348814","https://openalex.org/W3146506805","https://openalex.org/W3159883132","https://openalex.org/W3175485481","https://openalex.org/W3175547012","https://openalex.org/W3176261297","https://openalex.org/W3176646110","https://openalex.org/W3183955733","https://openalex.org/W3198791469","https://openalex.org/W3208799743","https://openalex.org/W4200225834","https://openalex.org/W4200232392","https://openalex.org/W4205343170","https://openalex.org/W4224979739","https://openalex.org/W4225400770","https://openalex.org/W4226462397","https://openalex.org/W4236705376","https://openalex.org/W4237007432","https://openalex.org/W4287545892","https://openalex.org/W4288248321","https://openalex.org/W4289328212","https://openalex.org/W4289596420","https://openalex.org/W4293126426","https://openalex.org/W4307887189","https://openalex.org/W4309618884","https://openalex.org/W4311046605","https://openalex.org/W4312646376","https://openalex.org/W4321479972","https://openalex.org/W4327911820","https://openalex.org/W4360804764","https://openalex.org/W4393284412","https://openalex.org/W4396832850","https://openalex.org/W6944368442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022249999","https://openalex.org/W2007906249","https://openalex.org/W2790197180","https://openalex.org/W2321298859","https://openalex.org/W2020597600","https://openalex.org/W2623239735","https://openalex.org/W2914237138","https://openalex.org/W2049690772","https://openalex.org/W1443290736","https://openalex.org/W2898390114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,184],"investigates":[2],"how":[3],"online":[4,12,54,180,213],"counterspeech,":[5],"defined":[6],"as":[7],"direct":[8],"responses":[9,211],"to":[10,53,105,166,212],"harmful":[11],"content":[13],"with":[14,92,128,152,175],"the":[15,19,30,36,71,99,123,200],"intention":[16],"of":[17,35,47,88,102,118,125,131,155,159,202],"dissuading":[18],"perpetrator":[20],"from":[21],"further":[22],"engaging":[23],"in":[24,178],"such":[25],"behavior,":[26],"is":[27],"influenced":[28],"by":[29],"match":[31,72],"between":[32,73],"a":[33,40,45,74,79,145],"target":[34],"hate":[37,55,75,133],"speech":[38,56],"and":[39,64,78,90,107,115,121,149,157,164,189,205],"counterspeech":[41,93,137,193],"writer's":[42],"identity.":[43],"Using":[44],"sample":[46],"458":[48],"English-speaking":[49],"adults":[50],"who":[51],"responded":[52],"posts":[57,103],"covering":[58],"race,":[59],"gender,":[60],"religion,":[61],"sexual":[62,108],"orientation,":[63],"disability":[65],"status,":[66],"our":[67],"research":[68],"reveals":[69],"that":[70,138],"post's":[76],"topic":[77],"counter-speaker's":[80],"identity":[81],"(topic-identity":[82],"match,":[83],"or":[84],"TIM)":[85],"shapes":[86],"perceptions":[87,158],"hatefulness":[89,101],"experiences":[91],"writing.":[94],"Specifically,":[95],"TIM":[96,110],"significantly":[97],"increases":[98],"perceived":[100,116,176],"related":[104],"race":[106],"orientation.":[109],"generally":[111],"boosts":[112],"counter-speakers'":[113],"satisfaction":[114],"effectiveness":[117,156],"their":[119],"responses,":[120],"reduces":[122],"difficulty":[124,177],"crafting":[126],"them,":[127],"an":[129],"exception":[130],"gender-focused":[132],"speech.":[134],"In":[135],"addition,":[136],"displayed":[139],"more":[140,146],"empathy,":[141],"was":[142,150],"longer,":[143],"had":[144],"positive":[147],"tone,":[148],"associated":[151],"higher":[153],"ratings":[154],"hatefulness.":[160],"Prior":[161],"experience":[162],"with,":[163],"openness":[165],"AI":[167],"writing":[168,179],"assistance":[169],"tools":[170],"like":[171],"ChatGPT,":[172],"correlate":[173],"negatively":[174],"counterspeech.":[181],"Overall,":[182],"this":[183],"contributes":[185],"insights":[186],"into":[187],"linguistic":[188],"identity-related":[190],"factors":[191],"shaping":[192],"on":[194],"social":[195],"media.":[196],"The":[197],"findings":[198],"inform":[199],"development":[201],"supportive":[203],"technologies":[204],"moderation":[206],"strategies":[207],"for":[208],"promoting":[209],"effective":[210],"hate.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
