{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408395211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3709025.3712218","title":"What constitutes a Deep Fake? The blurry line between legitimate processing and manipulation under the EU AI Act","display_name":"What constitutes a Deep Fake? The blurry line between legitimate processing and manipulation under the EU AI Act","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408395211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3709025.3712218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3709025.3712218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3709025.3712218","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Science and Law on ZZZ","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068194131","display_name":"Kristof Meding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5073-2347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133934","display_name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03kfnwp54","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092532","https://openalex.org/I4210133934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristof Meding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Law Lab, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5073-2347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Law Lab, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133934","https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062413463","display_name":"Christoph Sorge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Sorge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Legal Informatics, Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7388-4240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Legal Informatics, Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97005219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"152","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9569000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9291999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5830549597740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.5681830048561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4693537652492523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34148234128952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08061996102333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.0635528564453125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5830549597740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5681830048561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4693537652492523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34148234128952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08061996102333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0635528564453125}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3709025.3712218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3709025.3712218","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Science and Law on ZZZ","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002349126","https://openalex.org/W2029120540","https://openalex.org/W3000442796","https://openalex.org/W3166900385","https://openalex.org/W3203392755","https://openalex.org/W4313006810","https://openalex.org/W4399682417","https://openalex.org/W4399885895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"does":[1],"a":[2,30,77,118,151,202],"digital":[3,119,127],"image":[4],"resemble":[5],"reality?":[6],"The":[7,143,177],"relevance":[8],"of":[9,16,32,89,117,190],"this":[10,196],"question":[11],"increases":[12],"as":[13,170],"the":[14,41,50,67,86,93,97,106,114,122,126,139],"generation":[15],"synthetic":[17,60,72],"images---so-called":[18],"deep":[19,90,110,152],"fakes---becomes":[20],"increasingly":[21],"popular.":[22],"Deep":[23,134],"fakes":[24,91,135],"have":[25],"gained":[26],"much":[27,147],"attention":[28],"for":[29,58,149,179],"number":[31],"reasons---among":[33],"others,":[34],"due":[35],"to":[36,39,46,104,125,173],"their":[37],"potential":[38],"disrupt":[40],"political":[42],"climate.":[43],"In":[44],"order":[45],"mitigate":[47],"these":[48],"threats,":[49],"EU":[51,140],"AI":[52,94,141],"Act":[53,95],"implements":[54],"specific":[55],"transparency":[56,174],"regulations":[57],"generating":[59],"content":[61,191],"or":[62,194],"manipulating":[63],"existing":[64],"content.":[65],"However,":[66],"distinction":[68],"between":[69],"real":[70],"and":[71,96,192],"images":[73,182],"is---":[74],"even":[75],"from":[76,81,121],"computer":[78],"vision":[79],"perspective---far":[80],"trivial.":[82],"We":[83],"argue":[84],"that":[85],"current":[87],"definition":[88,144],"in":[92,138],"corresponding":[98],"obligations":[99],"are":[100,136],"not":[101,195],"sufficiently":[102],"specified":[103],"tackle":[105],"challenges":[107],"posed":[108],"by":[109,201],"fakes.":[111],"By":[112],"analyzing":[113],"life":[115],"cycle":[116],"photo":[120],"camera":[123],"sensor":[124],"editing":[128,160,189,197],"features,":[129],"we":[130],"find":[131],"that:":[132],"(1.)":[133],"ill-defined":[137],"Act.":[142],"leaves":[145],"too":[146],"scope":[148],"what":[150,186],"fake":[153],"is.":[154],"(2.)":[155],"It":[156],"is":[157],"unclear":[158],"how":[159],"functions":[161],"like":[162],"Google's":[163],"\"best":[164],"take\"":[165],"feature":[166],"can":[167],"be":[168,199],"considered":[169],"an":[171],"exception":[172,178],"obligations.":[175],"(3.)":[176],"substantially":[180],"edited":[181],"raises":[183],"questions":[184],"about":[185],"constitutes":[187],"substantial":[188],"whether":[193],"must":[198],"perceptible":[200],"natural":[203],"person.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}