{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412438887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3709017.3737709","title":"Efficient Cross-Architecture Binary Function Embeddings through Knowledge Distillation","display_name":"Efficient Cross-Architecture Binary Function Embeddings through Knowledge Distillation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412438887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3709017.3737709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3709017.3737709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3709017.3737709","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Cyber-Physical System Security Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3709017.3737709","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118993035","display_name":"Dominik Bayerl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0439-066X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106192","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxzcy64","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Bayerl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0439-066X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021690897","display_name":"Thomas Hutzelmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106192","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxzcy64","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Hutzelmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2871-3905","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029363762","display_name":"Hans\u2010Joachim Hof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-9271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106192","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxzcy64","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans-Joachim Hof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-9271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5118993035"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08160686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"43","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.7128059267997742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6502174139022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5998766422271729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5869007110595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distillation","display_name":"Distillation","score":0.5517154932022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3432892858982086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2165391445159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.13656237721443176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.099517822265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromatography","display_name":"Chromatography","score":0.08535051345825195}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.7128059267997742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6502174139022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5998766422271729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5869007110595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.5517154932022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3432892858982086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2165391445159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.13656237721443176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.099517822265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.08535051345825195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3709017.3737709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3709017.3737709","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Cyber-Physical System Security Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3709017.3737709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3709017.3737709","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Cyber-Physical System Security Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700817312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101069748","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22858107","https://openalex.org/W157706324","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W2012604743","https://openalex.org/W2414803796","https://openalex.org/W2532962075","https://openalex.org/W2577142429","https://openalex.org/W2749008552","https://openalex.org/W2886694146","https://openalex.org/W2900698625","https://openalex.org/W2901689459","https://openalex.org/W2924793720","https://openalex.org/W2926178846","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963408280","https://openalex.org/W2978569165","https://openalex.org/W3014224367","https://openalex.org/W3100806282","https://openalex.org/W3105926539","https://openalex.org/W3112894679","https://openalex.org/W3133719257","https://openalex.org/W3166734048","https://openalex.org/W6606400708","https://openalex.org/W6836751397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3026162553","https://openalex.org/W2344382886","https://openalex.org/W19111321","https://openalex.org/W2412887479","https://openalex.org/W2953684491","https://openalex.org/W2588198209","https://openalex.org/W4285338581","https://openalex.org/W2768175398","https://openalex.org/W2015158429","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"has":[2,61],"recently":[3],"been":[4],"shown":[5],"to":[6,13,47,111,134,138,146,157,202,229],"be":[7,159],"effective":[8],"in":[9,209,222],"various":[10],"tasks":[11],"related":[12],"static":[14],"binary":[15,23,29,85],"analysis.":[16],"One":[17],"important":[18],"analysis":[19],"task":[20],"is":[21,46],"the":[22,28,44,50,105,126,136,155,204,211,215,223],"function":[24,113],"similarity":[25,181],"problem:":[26],"Given":[27],"code":[30,240],"of":[31,72,83,170,184,190,206,214,225,237],"two":[32],"functions":[33,51],"compiled":[34],"with":[35,75],"different":[36,38,41,139,171],"compilers,":[37],"settings,":[39],"and":[40,241],"processor":[42,172],"architectures,":[43],"goal":[45],"decide":[48],"whether":[49],"are":[52,167,243],"semantically":[53],"equivalent":[54],"(i.e.":[55],"\"similar\")":[56],"or":[57,87],"not.":[58],"This":[59],"problem":[60],"numerous":[62],"applications":[63],"for":[64,67,104,162],"embedded":[65,163],"systems,":[66,164],"example":[68],"plagiarism":[69],"detection,":[70],"validation":[71],"compliance":[73],"restrictions":[74],"usable":[76],"software":[77,195],"licenses,":[78],"more":[79],"efficient":[80],"reverse":[81],"engineering":[82],"existing":[84,120],"codebases,":[86],"vulnerability":[88],"scanning":[89],"by":[90],"detecting":[91],"known":[92],"vulnerable":[93],"functions.":[94],"In":[95],"this":[96],"paper,":[97],"we":[98,129,198],"propose":[99,130],"a":[100,131,148,168,180,187,220,234],"novel":[101],"training":[102,132],"scheme":[103],"popular":[106],"transformer":[107],"neural":[108],"network":[109],"architecture":[110],"learn":[112],"embeddings":[114],"directly":[115],"from":[116,151,227],"instruction":[117,140],"listings.":[118],"Unlike":[119],"approaches,":[121],"our":[122,177],"solution":[123,178],"explicitly":[124],"considers":[125],"cross-architecture":[127],"scenario:":[128],"method":[133],"adapt":[135],"model":[137,150,156],"set":[141],"architectures":[142],"(ISA)":[143],"without":[144],"having":[145],"train":[147],"new":[149],"scratch,":[152],"which":[153],"allows":[154],"also":[158],"used":[160],"efficiently":[161],"where":[165],"there":[166],"variety":[169],"architectures.":[173],"We":[174,218],"show":[175],"that":[176],"achieves":[179],"classification":[182,235],"accuracy":[183,236],"89.6%":[185],"on":[186],"dataset":[188],"consisting":[189],"several":[191],"real-world":[192],"open":[193,246],"source":[194],"projects.":[196],"Finally,":[197],"conduct":[199],"extensive":[200],"experiments":[201],"demonstrate":[203,219],"effectiveness":[205],"knowledge":[207],"distillation":[208],"increasing":[210],"computational":[212],"efficiency":[213],"embedding":[216],"model.":[217],"reduction":[221],"number":[224],"parameters":[226],"87M":[228],"23M,":[230],"while":[231],"still":[232],"maintaining":[233],"87.8%.":[238],"Our":[239],"artifacts":[242],"available":[244],"as":[245],"source1.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
