{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405578323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3708884","title":"Decoy Effect in Search Interaction: Understanding User Behavior and Measuring System Vulnerability","display_name":"Decoy Effect in Search Interaction: Understanding User Behavior and Measuring System Vulnerability","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405578323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3708884"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3708884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3708884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735545","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","issn_l":"1046-8188","issn":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007524571","display_name":"Nuo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8600-8203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["HK","JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nuo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China and Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan","The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China and Waseda University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8600-8203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China and Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506","https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China and Waseda University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194","https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088558868","display_name":"Jiqun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-2182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiqun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA","The University of Oklahoma, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-2182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Oklahoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100313100","display_name":"Hanpei Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5117-5621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanpei Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan","Waseda University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5117-5621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083035608","display_name":"Yuankai Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3844-7214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuankai Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3844-7214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023595778","display_name":"Tetsuya Sakai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-963X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tetsuya Sakai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan","Waseda University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-963X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waseda University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101981128","display_name":"Xiao-Ming Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-0554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Ming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-0554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007524571"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506","https://openalex.org/I150744194"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2618,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94997269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"58"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoy","display_name":"Decoy","score":0.9033450484275818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.708631157875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.601834237575531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5521485209465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5495277643203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.488240510225296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.41689634323120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.37026166915893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17555421590805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1157216727733612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779179475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3545649","display_name":"Decoy","level":3,"score":0.9033450484275818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.708631157875061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.601834237575531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5521485209465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5495277643203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.488240510225296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.41689634323120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37026166915893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17555421590805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1157216727733612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3708884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3708884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735545","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","issn_l":"1046-8188","issn":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":107,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32360141","https://openalex.org/W1554394657","https://openalex.org/W1840731424","https://openalex.org/W1933176878","https://openalex.org/W1968927634","https://openalex.org/W1972802558","https://openalex.org/W1976585161","https://openalex.org/W1987831316","https://openalex.org/W1992549066","https://openalex.org/W1995311669","https://openalex.org/W2006202170","https://openalex.org/W2007423551","https://openalex.org/W2009485604","https://openalex.org/W2014721055","https://openalex.org/W2019492404","https://openalex.org/W2022995284","https://openalex.org/W2024370817","https://openalex.org/W2029009258","https://openalex.org/W2030874315","https://openalex.org/W2041946752","https://openalex.org/W2048646785","https://openalex.org/W2057024235","https://openalex.org/W2058896506","https://openalex.org/W2059120814","https://openalex.org/W2069049590","https://openalex.org/W2069870183","https://openalex.org/W2071446250","https://openalex.org/W2077724862","https://openalex.org/W2084335597","https://openalex.org/W2086282622","https://openalex.org/W2106404250","https://openalex.org/W2113640060","https://openalex.org/W2117503214","https://openalex.org/W2134366819","https://openalex.org/W2146085552","https://openalex.org/W2149590690","https://openalex.org/W2158254843","https://openalex.org/W2164734124","https://openalex.org/W2166743161","https://openalex.org/W2232169344","https://openalex.org/W2258489777","https://openalex.org/W2338216121","https://openalex.org/W2590863691","https://openalex.org/W2604313218","https://openalex.org/W2624553223","https://openalex.org/W2740916867","https://openalex.org/W2740992833","https://openalex.org/W2783668259","https://openalex.org/W2788493644","https://openalex.org/W2804927761","https://openalex.org/W2883128230","https://openalex.org/W2895782815","https://openalex.org/W2952667223","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2998702515","https://openalex.org/W3021397474","https://openalex.org/W3021578911","https://openalex.org/W3034725358","https://openalex.org/W3034909182","https://openalex.org/W3043886961","https://openalex.org/W3046925189","https://openalex.org/W3092103025","https://openalex.org/W3099700870","https://openalex.org/W3117895913","https://openalex.org/W3121274724","https://openalex.org/W3125913709","https://openalex.org/W3154280800","https://openalex.org/W3164548985","https://openalex.org/W3168738558","https://openalex.org/W3170713142","https://openalex.org/W3170933632","https://openalex.org/W3172119680","https://openalex.org/W3180230246","https://openalex.org/W3184918446","https://openalex.org/W3199916614","https://openalex.org/W3205476866","https://openalex.org/W4206277161","https://openalex.org/W4221142858","https://openalex.org/W4224087634","https://openalex.org/W4232692970","https://openalex.org/W4243333943","https://openalex.org/W4247890353","https://openalex.org/W4249773509","https://openalex.org/W4252076394","https://openalex.org/W4283762145","https://openalex.org/W4284664419","https://openalex.org/W4284689681","https://openalex.org/W4284959732","https://openalex.org/W4292157289","https://openalex.org/W4313002899","https://openalex.org/W4319072064","https://openalex.org/W4320813768","https://openalex.org/W4327644044","https://openalex.org/W4327909690","https://openalex.org/W4366583934","https://openalex.org/W4367046962","https://openalex.org/W4384775148","https://openalex.org/W4386729952","https://openalex.org/W4387859814","https://openalex.org/W4389523765","https://openalex.org/W4391136348","https://openalex.org/W4392384703","https://openalex.org/W4393073787","https://openalex.org/W4401043313","https://openalex.org/W4405144074","https://openalex.org/W6817713987"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2415073839","https://openalex.org/W1555596338","https://openalex.org/W1238053778","https://openalex.org/W2350944221","https://openalex.org/W4239355779","https://openalex.org/W2057946556","https://openalex.org/W2782845443","https://openalex.org/W2354605264","https://openalex.org/W3196817267","https://openalex.org/W1976600725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,50,104,235],"addresses":[2],"(1)":[3],"the":[4,7,14,31,39,44,52,55,126,137,140,160,178,201,218,227,241,265,284,297,326,356,366,374],"influence":[5,53,138],"of":[6,16,33,46,54,79,128,139,146,159,243,267,328,358,365,368],"decoy":[8,40,56,65,141,249,279,320,329,375],"effect,":[9,330],"a":[10,190,193,207,268,274,331,341],"cognitive":[11,335,359],"bias":[12],"where":[13],"presence":[15],"an":[17,91,154],"inferior":[18],"item":[19],"alters":[20],"preferences":[21],"between":[22],"two":[23],"options,":[24],"on":[25,70,97,157,189,200,283],"users\u2019":[26,68,352],"search":[27,71,114,168,353],"interactions":[28],"and":[29,85,116,131,149,170,204,257,296,307,337,370],"(2)":[30],"measurement":[32],"information":[34,59],"retrieval":[35,60,245,269,294,302,312],"systems\u2019":[36],"vulnerability":[37,242,318,367],"to":[38,187,221,226,247,263,319,350,373],"effect.":[41,250,321,376],"1":[42],"From":[43],"perspective":[45],"user":[47,98,103,150],"behavior,":[48],"this":[49,234,323],"investigates":[51],"effect":[57],"in":[58,77,107,273,334,340,355],"(IR)":[61],"by":[62],"examining":[63],"how":[64],"results":[66,174,272],"affect":[67],"interaction":[69,99],"engine":[72],"result":[73],"pages":[74],"(SERPs),":[75],"particularly":[76],"terms":[78],"click-through":[80],"likelihood,":[81],"browsing":[82],"dwell":[83],"time,":[84],"perceived":[86,132],"document":[87,129,191,203],"usefulness.":[88,133],"We":[89],"conducted":[90],"experiment":[92,156],"based":[93],"upon":[94],"regression":[95],"analysis":[96],"logs":[100],"from":[101],"three":[102,161],"datasets":[105],"which":[106,163],"total":[108],"encompass":[109],"24":[110],"topics,":[111,166],"841":[112],"unique":[113],"sessions,":[115],"2,685":[117],"queries.":[118,172],"The":[119,173,281],"findings":[120],"indicate":[121,175],"that":[122,176,276,305],"decoys":[123],"significantly":[124],"increase":[125],"likelihood":[127],"clicks":[130],"To":[134],"investigate":[135],"whether":[136],"varies":[142],"across":[143],"different":[144],"levels":[145,216],"task":[147,179,295,303],"difficulty":[148],"knowledge,":[151],"we":[152],"ran":[153],"additional":[155],"one":[158],"datasets,":[162],"encompasses":[164],"6":[165],"166":[167],"sessions":[169],"652":[171],"when":[177],"is":[180,261],"less":[181],"challenging,":[182],"users":[183,212],"are":[184],"more":[185,198],"likely":[186],"click":[188],"with":[192,213],"decoy.":[194],"Additionally,":[195],"they":[196],"spend":[197],"time":[199],"target":[202,228],"assign":[205],"it":[206],"higher":[208,223,310],"usefulness":[209,224],"score.":[210],"Furthermore,":[211],"lower":[214,317],"knowledge":[215],"about":[217],"topic":[219],"tend":[220],"give":[222],"ratings":[225],"document.":[229],"Regarding":[230],"IR":[231],"system":[232],"evaluation,":[233],"provides":[236],"empirical":[237],"insights":[238],"into":[239],"measuring":[240],"text":[244],"models":[246],"potential":[248],"An":[251],"evaluation":[252],"metric,":[253],"namely":[254],"DEcoy":[255],"Judgement":[256],"Assessment":[258],"VUlnerability":[259],"(DEJA-VU),":[260],"proposed":[262],"evaluate":[264],"possibility":[266],"model":[270],"ranking":[271,371],"way":[275],"could":[277],"trigger":[278],"biases.":[280],"experiments":[282],"Text":[285],"REtrieval":[286],"Conference":[287],"(TREC)":[288],"19":[289],"Deep":[290],"Learning":[291],"(DL)":[292],"passage":[293,301],"TREC":[298],"20":[299],"DL":[300],"demonstrate":[304],"ColBERT":[306],"SPLADE":[308],"show":[309],"relevance-oriented":[311],"effectiveness":[313],"while":[314],"also":[315],"displaying":[316],"Overall,":[322],"work":[324],"advances":[325],"understanding":[327],"well-established":[332],"concept":[333],"psychology":[336],"behavioral":[338],"economics,":[339],"novel":[342],"application":[343],"field":[344],"(i.e.,":[345],"Information":[346],"Retrieval).":[347],"It":[348],"contributes":[349],"modeling":[351],"behavior":[354],"context":[357],"biases,":[360],"as":[361,363],"well":[362],"assessment":[364],"systems":[369],"algorithms":[372]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
