{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405543754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3708518","title":"Explaining Explanations: An Empirical Study of Explanations in Code Reviews","display_name":"Explaining Explanations: An Empirical Study of Explanations in Code Reviews","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405543754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3708518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3708518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3708518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/10940","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009224648","display_name":"Ratnadira Widyasari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8190-5458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ratnadira Widyasari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8190-5458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100458319","display_name":"Ting Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6001-1372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6001-1372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006678871","display_name":"Abir Bouraffa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-625X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abir Bouraffa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany","University of Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-625X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025426825","display_name":"Walid Maalej","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6899-4393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid Maalej","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany","University of Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6899-4393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081036622","display_name":"David Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009224648"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.238,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91282604,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7548466920852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.43478304147720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.39408278465270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3721851706504822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7548466920852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.43478304147720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.39408278465270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3721851706504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3708518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3708518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-11942","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/10940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3708518","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-11942","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/10940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3708518","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5332036567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-NRFI08-2022-0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W223385549","https://openalex.org/W1998900885","https://openalex.org/W1999171352","https://openalex.org/W2063156085","https://openalex.org/W2091990486","https://openalex.org/W2108769867","https://openalex.org/W2116358746","https://openalex.org/W2123333323","https://openalex.org/W2125279207","https://openalex.org/W2144651866","https://openalex.org/W2150487129","https://openalex.org/W2165855014","https://openalex.org/W2344367508","https://openalex.org/W2348249338","https://openalex.org/W2585224654","https://openalex.org/W2724265843","https://openalex.org/W2767988819","https://openalex.org/W2808429234","https://openalex.org/W2884659160","https://openalex.org/W2899099075","https://openalex.org/W2928433165","https://openalex.org/W2942444880","https://openalex.org/W2954823997","https://openalex.org/W2963266893","https://openalex.org/W2971660263","https://openalex.org/W3005774991","https://openalex.org/W3088445154","https://openalex.org/W3096150021","https://openalex.org/W3121638904","https://openalex.org/W3124666193","https://openalex.org/W3161903544","https://openalex.org/W3173529525","https://openalex.org/W3193822405","https://openalex.org/W3203012838","https://openalex.org/W3209468076","https://openalex.org/W3215052868","https://openalex.org/W4225640545","https://openalex.org/W4235786747","https://openalex.org/W4250195981","https://openalex.org/W4284709233","https://openalex.org/W4293879964","https://openalex.org/W4296422560","https://openalex.org/W4308642531","https://openalex.org/W4308643015","https://openalex.org/W4308643152","https://openalex.org/W4323033814","https://openalex.org/W4327811957","https://openalex.org/W4384026586","https://openalex.org/W4385301107","https://openalex.org/W4388912692","https://openalex.org/W4391135337","https://openalex.org/W4391282616","https://openalex.org/W4391558404","https://openalex.org/W4391558635","https://openalex.org/W4394769342","https://openalex.org/W4398785927","https://openalex.org/W4401043995","https://openalex.org/W4402409915","https://openalex.org/W4402457546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"reviews":[1,65],"are":[2,143],"central":[3],"for":[4,180],"software":[5],"quality":[6],"assurance.":[7],"Ideally,":[8],"reviewers":[9,47],"should":[10],"explain":[11],"their":[12,136],"feedback":[13,23],"to":[14,20,56],"enable":[15],"authors":[16],"of":[17,45,52,60,70,110,171,196],"code":[18,64,85,184],"changes":[19],"understand":[21],"the":[22,43,58,68,119,157,166,178],"and":[24,66,90,131,148,192],"act":[25],"accordingly.":[26],"Different":[27],"developers":[28,189],"might":[29],"need":[30],"different":[31,34,194],"explanations":[32,46,61,120,142,197],"in":[33,63,77,168,183,190],"contexts.":[35],"Therefore,":[36],"assisting":[37],"this":[38,53],"process":[39],"first":[40],"requires":[41],"understanding":[42],"types":[44,59,124,195],"usually":[48],"provide.":[49],"The":[50],"goal":[51],"article":[54],"is":[55,160],"study":[57],"used":[62,144],"explore":[67],"potential":[69,179],"Large":[71],"Language":[72],"Models":[73],"(LLMs),":[74],"specifically":[75],"ChatGPT,":[76],"generating":[78],"these":[79],"specific":[80],"types.":[81],"We":[82,117],"extracted":[83],"793":[84],"review":[86],"comments":[87,111],"from":[88],"Gerrit":[89],"manually":[91],"labeled":[92],"them":[93],"based":[94],"on":[95],"whether":[96],"they":[97],"contained":[98],"a":[99],"suggestion,":[100],"an":[101],"explanation,":[102],"or":[103,127],"both.":[104],"Our":[105,151],"analysis":[106],"shows":[107,154],"that":[108,140],"42%":[109],"only":[112],"include":[113],"suggestions":[114],"without":[115],"explanations.":[116],"categorized":[118],"into":[121],"seven":[122],"distinct":[123],"including":[125],"rule":[126],"principle,":[128],"similar":[129],"examples,":[130],"future":[132,181],"implications.":[133],"When":[134],"measuring":[135],"prevalence,":[137],"we":[138],"observed":[139],"some":[141],"differently":[145],"by":[146],"novice":[147],"experienced":[149],"reviewers.":[150],"manual":[152],"evaluation":[153],"that,":[155],"when":[156],"explanation":[158,167],"type":[159],"specified,":[161],"ChatGPT":[162],"can":[163,187],"correctly":[164],"generate":[165],"88":[169],"out":[170],"90":[172],"cases.":[173],"This":[174],"foundational":[175],"work":[176],"highlights":[177],"automation":[182],"reviews,":[185],"which":[186],"assist":[188],"sharing":[191],"obtaining":[193],"as":[198],"needed,":[199],"thereby":[200],"reducing":[201],"back-and-forth":[202],"communication.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
