{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409885602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714154","title":"Beyond Code Generation: LLM-supported Exploration of the Program Design Space","display_name":"Beyond Code Generation: LLM-supported Exploration of the Program Design Space","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409885602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3706598.3714154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714154","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3706598.3714154","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3706598.3714154","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065870025","display_name":"J.D. Zamfirescu-Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-6728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.D. Zamfirescu-Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-6728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031372138","display_name":"Eunice Jun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-4284"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunice Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-4284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015483503","display_name":"Michael Terry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-939X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Terry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-939X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017881649","display_name":"Qian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3548-2535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing and Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3548-2535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing and Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087718561","display_name":"Bjoern Hartmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0693-0829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bjoern Hartmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0693-0829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":56.7634,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99887001,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6212853789329529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.565037190914154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.556050717830658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-program","display_name":"Space program","score":0.4420112371444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.43967193365097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.4393939971923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-space-exploration","display_name":"Design space exploration","score":0.42257213592529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4025469422340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.38797247409820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3457096815109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2092691957950592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.14391487836837769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11790695786476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08910751342773438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6212853789329529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.565037190914154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.556050717830658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994201174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25036349","display_name":"Space program","level":3,"score":0.4420112371444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.43967193365097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.4393939971923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.42257213592529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4025469422340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.38797247409820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3457096815109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2092691957950592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.14391487836837769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11790695786476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08910751342773438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3706598.3714154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714154","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3706598.3714154","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2503.06911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.06911","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.06911","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3706598.3714154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714154","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3706598.3714154","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2286474640","display_name":"Collaborative Research: HCC: Medium: Collaborative Upstanding: Leveraging Conversational AI to Cultivate Constructive Upstanders Among Teens","funder_award_id":"2313078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409885602.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409885602.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163961001","https://openalex.org/W175675895","https://openalex.org/W1994204810","https://openalex.org/W2023192402","https://openalex.org/W2028123195","https://openalex.org/W2034212418","https://openalex.org/W2045510465","https://openalex.org/W2053859636","https://openalex.org/W2059216172","https://openalex.org/W2071873073","https://openalex.org/W2073336401","https://openalex.org/W2074842205","https://openalex.org/W2088028234","https://openalex.org/W2122401044","https://openalex.org/W2132525863","https://openalex.org/W2133443878","https://openalex.org/W2162514427","https://openalex.org/W2396268257","https://openalex.org/W2474664182","https://openalex.org/W2537005436","https://openalex.org/W2610474269","https://openalex.org/W2610517421","https://openalex.org/W2768736423","https://openalex.org/W2770408320","https://openalex.org/W2802789500","https://openalex.org/W2941629559","https://openalex.org/W3047508744","https://openalex.org/W3048398458","https://openalex.org/W3123393030","https://openalex.org/W3177813494","https://openalex.org/W3199400376","https://openalex.org/W3203321135","https://openalex.org/W4220990449","https://openalex.org/W4251284059","https://openalex.org/W4283171081","https://openalex.org/W4307472488","https://openalex.org/W4323037544","https://openalex.org/W4362659486","https://openalex.org/W4365601419","https://openalex.org/W4366548330","https://openalex.org/W4383679928","https://openalex.org/W4383682782","https://openalex.org/W4385714563","https://openalex.org/W4386099272","https://openalex.org/W4386528753","https://openalex.org/W4387801427","https://openalex.org/W4387835469","https://openalex.org/W4387993560","https://openalex.org/W4391556516","https://openalex.org/W4394972031","https://openalex.org/W4396831984","https://openalex.org/W4396832182","https://openalex.org/W4396832739","https://openalex.org/W4399917667","https://openalex.org/W4400375663","https://openalex.org/W4403334020","https://openalex.org/W4403334467","https://openalex.org/W4403576015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W234385433","https://openalex.org/W2049661187","https://openalex.org/W4231937131","https://openalex.org/W323219885","https://openalex.org/W2063928587","https://openalex.org/W2034700470","https://openalex.org/W2163672025","https://openalex.org/W2048831961","https://openalex.org/W1606349578","https://openalex.org/W4399567378"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,46],"work,":[2],"we":[3,120],"explore":[4,133],"explicit":[5],"Large":[6],"Language":[7],"Model":[8],"(LLM)powered":[9],"support":[10,161],"for":[11,157],"the":[12,62,75,112,115],"iterative":[13,38],"design":[14,21,89,103,130,136,163],"of":[15,29,65,69],"computer":[16],"programs.Program":[17],"design,":[18],"like":[19],"other":[20,149],"activity,":[22],"is":[23],"characterized":[24],"by":[25,49,110],"navigating":[26],"a":[27,57,117,134,154],"space":[28,64],"alternative":[30,100],"problem":[31],"formulations":[32],"and":[33,79,92,105,128,148,174,184],"associated":[34],"solutions":[35],"in":[36,44],"an":[37,84],"fashion.LLMs":[39],"are":[40],"potentially":[41],"powerful":[42],"tools":[43],"helping":[45],"exploration;":[47],"however,":[48],"default,":[50],"code-generation":[51],"LLMs":[52],"deliver":[53],"code":[54,147],"that":[55,86,122,160],"represents":[56],"particular":[58],"point":[59],"solution.This":[60],"obscures":[61],"larger":[63],"possible":[66],"alternatives,":[67],"many":[68],"which":[70],"might":[71],"be":[72],"preferable":[73],"to":[74,96,132,140,146,168,181],"LLM's":[76],"default":[77],"interpretation":[78],"its":[80],"generated":[81],"code.We":[82],"contribute":[83],"IDE":[85],"supports":[87],"program":[88,162,182],"through":[90,164],"generating":[91],"showing":[93],"new":[94],"ways":[95],"frame":[97],"problems":[98],"alongside":[99],"solutions,":[101],"tracking":[102],"decisions,":[104],"identifying":[106],"implicit":[107],"decisions":[108],"made":[109],"either":[111],"programmer":[113],"or":[114],"LLM.In":[116],"user":[118],"study,":[119],"find":[121],"with":[123,143],"our":[124],"IDE,":[125],"users":[126],"combine":[127],"parallelize":[129],"phases":[131],"broader":[135],"space-but":[137],"also":[138],"struggle":[139],"keep":[141],"up":[142],"LLM-originated":[144],"changes":[145],"information":[150,177],"overload.These":[151],"findings":[152],"suggest":[153],"core":[155],"challenge":[156],"future":[158],"IDEs":[159],"higher-level":[165],"instructions":[166],"given":[167],"LLM-based":[169],"agents:":[170],"carefully":[171],"managing":[172],"attention":[173],"deciding":[175],"what":[176],"agents":[178],"should":[179],"surface":[180],"designers":[183],"when.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}