{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409746254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714138","title":"Dark Patterns in the Opt-Out Process and Compliance with the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)","display_name":"Dark Patterns in the Opt-Out Process and Compliance with the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409746254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3706598.3714138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714138","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714138","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101552299","display_name":"Van Tran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0835-8598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van Hong Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0835-8598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006699146","display_name":"Aarushi Mehrotra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aarushi Mehrotra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network and Internet Security Lab, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8229-971X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network and Internet Security Lab, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047052354","display_name":"Ranya Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5793-0811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ranya Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5793-0811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065790866","display_name":"Marshini Chetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0804-6110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marshini Chetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0804-6110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068586837","display_name":"Nick Feamster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9315-5201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Feamster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9315-5201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027919894","display_name":"Jens Frankenreiter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0541-8521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Frankenreiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0541-8521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003040620","display_name":"Lior Strahilevitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8132-0056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lior Strahilevitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Law School, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8132-0056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Law School, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.9129,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97968352,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13972","display_name":"Business Law and Ethics","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13075","display_name":"Legal Systems and Judicial Processes","score":0.9577999711036682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.7307700514793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ccpa","display_name":"CCPA","score":0.65559983253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5620272159576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5082080364227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4821050465106964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4694231152534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-privacy","display_name":"Consumer privacy","score":0.42340773344039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3899330496788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.357417494058609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1304219365119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.07956844568252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.06958127021789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.06884783506393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutant","display_name":"Mutant","score":0.06805643439292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.06334960460662842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7307700514793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781225136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5009685","display_name":"CCPA","level":5,"score":0.65559983253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5620272159576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5082080364227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4821050465106964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4694231152534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778656907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164712","display_name":"Consumer privacy","level":3,"score":0.42340773344039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3899330496788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.357417494058609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1304219365119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.07956844568252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.06958127021789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.06884783506393433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143065580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285695","display_name":"Mutant","level":3,"score":0.06805643439292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.06334960460662842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83941689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50350837","display_name":"Catabolite repression","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3706598.3714138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714138","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openscholarship.wustl.edu:law_scholarship-1948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_scholarship/938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196400","display_name":"Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","host_organization_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scholarship@WashULaw","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3706598.3714138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714138","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1998774790","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CPS-1953740","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150957322","https://openalex.org/W2497080131","https://openalex.org/W2795529671","https://openalex.org/W2887427605","https://openalex.org/W2958793707","https://openalex.org/W2963611340","https://openalex.org/W2970983524","https://openalex.org/W2971641579","https://openalex.org/W3000190958","https://openalex.org/W3032324689","https://openalex.org/W3094784499","https://openalex.org/W3105350924","https://openalex.org/W3106386337","https://openalex.org/W3133145184","https://openalex.org/W3137759237","https://openalex.org/W3161163131","https://openalex.org/W3205400134","https://openalex.org/W3207851847","https://openalex.org/W3208601859","https://openalex.org/W3208891205","https://openalex.org/W3216667748","https://openalex.org/W4225085240","https://openalex.org/W4241649421","https://openalex.org/W4288086176","https://openalex.org/W4288086187","https://openalex.org/W4293245994","https://openalex.org/W4315746341","https://openalex.org/W4323030128","https://openalex.org/W4323349092","https://openalex.org/W4366549416","https://openalex.org/W4366729511","https://openalex.org/W4384302739","https://openalex.org/W4387801082","https://openalex.org/W4393299261","https://openalex.org/W4396832378","https://openalex.org/W4396832513","https://openalex.org/W4406151206","https://openalex.org/W4409735071","https://openalex.org/W6940520731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195097297","https://openalex.org/W4225340788","https://openalex.org/W2584827882","https://openalex.org/W3038106605","https://openalex.org/W2057398560","https://openalex.org/W3039429664","https://openalex.org/W3124723974","https://openalex.org/W2528109871","https://openalex.org/W2073396684","https://openalex.org/W3025835448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"protect":[1],"consumer":[2],"privacy,":[3],"the":[4,23,32,38,59,62,70,79,118,128],"California":[5,63],"Consumer":[6],"Privacy":[7,64],"Act":[8,66],"(CCPA)":[9],"mandates":[10],"that":[11,34,102],"businesses":[12,35],"provide":[13],"consumers":[14,47],"with":[15,96],"a":[16,105],"straightforward":[17],"way":[18],"to":[19,43,49,131,141],"opt":[20,50],"out":[21],"of":[22,27,61,107,111,124],"sale":[24],"and":[25,72,92],"sharing":[26],"their":[28,94],"personal":[29],"information.":[30],"However,":[31],"control":[33],"enjoy":[36],"over":[37],"opt-out":[39,80,90],"process":[40],"allows":[41],"them":[42],"impose":[44],"hurdles":[45],"on":[46],"aiming":[48],"out,":[51],"including":[52],"by":[53,58,135],"employing":[54],"dark":[55,76,85,108,133],"patterns.":[56,109],"Motivated":[57],"enactment":[60],"Rights":[65],"(CPRA),":[67],"which":[68],"strengthens":[69],"CCPA":[71,97],"explicitly":[73,115],"forbids":[74],"certain":[75],"patterns":[77,86,113,134],"in":[78,89],"process,":[81],"we":[82],"investigate":[83],"how":[84],"are":[87,114],"used":[88],"processes":[91],"assess":[93],"compliance":[95],"regulations.":[98],"Our":[99],"research":[100],"reveals":[101],"websites":[103],"employ":[104],"variety":[106],"Some":[110],"these":[112],"prohibited":[116],"under":[117],"CCPA;":[119],"others":[120],"evidently":[121],"take":[122],"advantage":[123],"legal":[125],"loopholes.":[126],"Despite":[127],"initial":[129],"efforts":[130],"restrict":[132],"policymakers,":[136],"there":[137],"is":[138],"more":[139],"work":[140],"be":[142],"done.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}