{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412599068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706572","title":"It Takes a Village: Bridging the Gaps between Current and Formal Specifications for Protocols","display_name":"It Takes a Village: Bridging the Gaps between Current and Formal Specifications for Protocols","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412599068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3706572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025344654","display_name":"David Basin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-939X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Basin","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Dept. Computer Science, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Dept. Computer Science, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013378091","display_name":"Nate Foster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-684X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nate Foster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Computer Science, Ithaca, New York, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Computer Science, Ithaca, New York, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047507250","display_name":"Kenneth L. McMillan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9380-1939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth L. McMillan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin, Computer Science, Austin, Texas, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin, Computer Science, Austin, Texas, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031527903","display_name":"Kedar S. Namjoshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6379-2442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kedar S. Namjoshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034838576","display_name":"Cristina Nita-Rotaru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9649-6789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Nita-Rotaru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University - Boston Campus, Computer Science, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University - Boston Campus, Computer Science, Boston, Massachusetts, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104018094","display_name":"Jonathan M. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-6603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan M. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Computer Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Computer Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086291871","display_name":"Pamela Zave","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6568-2052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pamela Zave","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Computer Science, Princeton, New Jersey, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Computer Science, Princeton, New Jersey, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076189272","display_name":"Lenore D. Zuck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3613-1208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lenore D. Zuck","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago, Computer Science, Chicago, Illinois, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago, Computer Science, Chicago, Illinois, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025344654"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19282569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"8","first_page":"50","last_page":"61"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9562000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9562000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9203000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.9479719400405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.6530910134315491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6046900749206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2299770712852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09415403008460999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08216384053230286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.9479719400405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.6530910134315491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6046900749206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2299770712852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09415403008460999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08216384053230286}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3706572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1249296113","https://openalex.org/W1563919005","https://openalex.org/W1590810061","https://openalex.org/W1675033504","https://openalex.org/W1705735371","https://openalex.org/W1973938051","https://openalex.org/W2033089587","https://openalex.org/W2050232116","https://openalex.org/W2064322639","https://openalex.org/W2070775894","https://openalex.org/W2123477284","https://openalex.org/W2130210899","https://openalex.org/W2138930598","https://openalex.org/W2140069682","https://openalex.org/W2158049821","https://openalex.org/W2185710379","https://openalex.org/W2237720305","https://openalex.org/W2294656064","https://openalex.org/W2618267215","https://openalex.org/W2640092413","https://openalex.org/W2765700031","https://openalex.org/W2809727329","https://openalex.org/W2953315742","https://openalex.org/W2967748157","https://openalex.org/W2984460030","https://openalex.org/W3129371464","https://openalex.org/W4230038347","https://openalex.org/W4242138061","https://openalex.org/W4288057700","https://openalex.org/W4292202268","https://openalex.org/W4385682849","https://openalex.org/W4386365395","https://openalex.org/W4402228181","https://openalex.org/W4404448312"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4408719353","https://openalex.org/W4388870064","https://openalex.org/W2210139803","https://openalex.org/W4235186151","https://openalex.org/W2054685365","https://openalex.org/W2056057048","https://openalex.org/W2667588871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Formal":[0],"specifications":[1,164,178,212],"have":[2,156],"numerous":[3],"benefits":[4,192],"for":[5,24,55,105,133],"both":[6],"designers":[7],"and":[8,23,36,65,71,87,127,139,183,219],"users":[9],"of":[10,115,193],"network":[11,89],"protocols.":[12],"They":[13,26,50],"provide":[14,52],"clear,":[15],"unambiguous":[16],"representations,":[17],"which":[18,130],"are":[19,80,95,131,213],"useful":[20],"as":[21,102],"documentation":[22],"testing.":[25,135],"can":[27],"help":[28,146],"reveal":[29],"disagreements":[30],"about":[31],"what":[32],"a":[33,53],"protocol":[34,153],"\u201cis\u201d":[35],"identify":[37,206],"areas":[38],"where":[39],"further":[40],"work":[41],"is":[42],"needed":[43],"to":[44,61,84,145,162,223],"resolve":[45],"ambiguities":[46],"or":[47,108],"internal":[48],"inconsistencies.":[49],"also":[51],"foundation":[54],"formal":[56,78,163,184,211],"reasoning,":[57],"making":[58],"it":[59],"possible":[60,221],"establish":[62],"important":[63],"security":[64],"correctness":[66],"guarantees":[67],"on":[68],"all":[69],"inputs":[70],"in":[72,98,180],"every":[73],"environment.":[74],"Despite":[75],"these":[76],"advantages,":[77],"methods":[79,185],"not":[81],"widely":[82],"used":[83,132,151],"design,":[85],"implement,":[86],"validate":[88],"protocols":[90,94,195],"today.":[91],"Instead,":[92],"Internet":[93,166],"usually":[96],"described":[97],"informal":[99],"documents,":[100],"such":[101],"IETF":[103],"Requests":[104],"Comments":[106],"(RFCs)":[107],"IEEE":[109],"standards.":[110],"These":[111],"documents":[112],"primarily":[113],"consist":[114],"lengthy":[116],"prose":[117],"descriptions,":[118,123],"accompanied":[119],"by":[120,152,215],"pseudocode,":[121],"header":[122],"state":[124],"machine":[125],"diagrams,":[126],"reference":[128,140],"implementations":[129,141],"interoperability":[134],"So,":[136],"while":[137],"RFCs":[138],"were":[142],"only":[143],"intended":[144],"guide":[147],"the":[148,159,165,174,181,190,216,225],"social":[149],"process":[150],"designers,":[154],"they":[155],"evolved":[157],"into":[158],"closest":[160],"things":[161],"community":[167],"has.":[168],"In":[169],"this":[170],"paper,":[171],"we":[172,205],"discuss":[173],"different":[175],"roles":[176],"that":[177],"play":[179],"networking":[182],"communities.":[186],"We":[187],"then":[188],"illustrate":[189],"potential":[191],"specifying":[194],"formally,":[196],"presenting":[197],"highlights":[198],"from":[199],"several":[200],"recent":[201],"success":[202],"stories.":[203],"Finally,":[204],"key":[207],"differences":[208],"between":[209],"how":[210],"understood":[214],"two":[217],"communities":[218],"suggest":[220],"strategies":[222],"bridge":[224],"gaps.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
