{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406221650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704905","title":"Automated Program Refinement: Guide and Verify Code Large Language Model with Refinement Calculus","display_name":"Automated Program Refinement: Guide and Verify Code Large Language Model with Refinement Calculus","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406221650","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3704905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704905","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040755172","display_name":"Yufan Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7579-0824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufan Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7579-0824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055734272","display_name":"Zh\u00e9 H\u00f3u","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7164-0580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7164-0580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067813217","display_name":"David San\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-3089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168639165","display_name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2c2791","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Sanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-3089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168639165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086001317","display_name":"Xiaokun Luan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5878-6486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaokun Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5878-6486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063706766","display_name":"Yun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8255-0118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8255-0118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429004","display_name":"Jun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-1392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-1392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085067496","display_name":"Jin Song Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6512-8326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Song Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6512-8326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.416,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99091696,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"POPL","first_page":"2057","last_page":"2089"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.7417482137680054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6850731372833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refinement-calculus","display_name":"Refinement calculus","score":0.6678205728530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5577093362808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calculus","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","score":0.4605488181114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35094472765922546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7417482137680054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6850731372833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90483712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7307205","display_name":"Refinement calculus","level":2,"score":0.6678205728530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5577093362808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777686260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","level":2,"score":0.4605488181114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35094472765922546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3704905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/28172720","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Automated_Program_Refinement_Guide_and_Verify_Code_Large_Language_Model_with_Refinement_Calculus/28172720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3704905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6374269493","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG3-RP-2022-030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W608152652","https://openalex.org/W1974514467","https://openalex.org/W1976978933","https://openalex.org/W2016535383","https://openalex.org/W2055477538","https://openalex.org/W2066210260","https://openalex.org/W2080782424","https://openalex.org/W2101432564","https://openalex.org/W2136952590","https://openalex.org/W2403707805","https://openalex.org/W2462721767","https://openalex.org/W2505318817","https://openalex.org/W2561604480","https://openalex.org/W2610841893","https://openalex.org/W2766653248","https://openalex.org/W2792493843","https://openalex.org/W2936157456","https://openalex.org/W2949895386","https://openalex.org/W2979746918","https://openalex.org/W2982556304","https://openalex.org/W2987907651","https://openalex.org/W3014009067","https://openalex.org/W3043557120","https://openalex.org/W3174357804","https://openalex.org/W4221143046","https://openalex.org/W4225108562","https://openalex.org/W4253748132","https://openalex.org/W4310557242","https://openalex.org/W4362639232","https://openalex.org/W4367185264","https://openalex.org/W4385730880","https://openalex.org/W4391155080","https://openalex.org/W4393160302","https://openalex.org/W4393161192","https://openalex.org/W4396832043"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W1497695679","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W2181413294","https://openalex.org/W2989452537","https://openalex.org/W1586408198","https://openalex.org/W2234831441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,11,32,40,51,78,129,156,163,171,175,180,184,200,207,230],"rise":[2],"of":[3],"code-centric":[4],"Large":[5],"Language":[6],"Models":[7],"(LLMs)":[8],"has":[9],"reshaped":[10],"software":[12],"engineering":[13],"world":[14],"with":[15,48,170],"low-barrier":[16],"tools":[17,104],"like":[18],"Copilot":[19],"that":[20,151,179,220],"can":[21,222],"easily":[22],"generate":[23,174,224],"code.":[24,80],"However,":[25],"there":[26],"is":[27,46,60,84],"no":[28],"correctness":[29],"guarantee":[30],"for":[31,72,105,111,232],"code":[33,57,99,131,182,227],"generated":[34,79,181],"by":[35],"LLMs,":[36],"which":[37],"suffer":[38],"from":[39,54],"hallucination":[41],"problem,":[42],"and":[43,63,76,87,115,118,127,139,161,192,213,228,234],"their":[44],"output":[45],"fraught":[47],"risks.":[49],"Besides,":[50],"end-to-end":[52],"process":[53],"specification":[55,95],"to":[56,74,124,173,198],"through":[58],"LLMs":[59,214],"a":[61,136],"non-transparent":[62],"uncontrolled":[64],"black":[65],"box.":[66],"This":[67],"opacity":[68],"makes":[69],"it":[70],"difficult":[71],"users":[73],"understand":[75],"trust":[77],"Addressing":[81],"these":[82],"challenges":[83],"both":[85],"necessary":[86],"critical.":[88],"In":[89],"contrast,":[90],"program":[91,106,122,211],"refinement":[92,107,123,134,166,196,201,212,233],"transforms":[93],"high-level":[94],"statements":[96],"into":[97,135],"executable":[98],"while":[100,132],"preserving":[101],"correctness.":[102],"Traditional":[103],"are":[108],"primarily":[109],"designed":[110],"formal":[112],"methods":[113],"experts":[114],"lack":[116],"automation":[117],"extensibility.":[119],"We":[120,203],"apply":[121],"guide":[125,162],"LLM":[126,164,172],"validate":[128],"LLM-generated":[130],"transforming":[133],"more":[137,194,225],"accessible":[138],"flexible":[140],"framework.":[141],"To":[142],"initiate":[143],"this":[144],"vision,":[145],"we":[146],"propose":[147],"Refine4LLM,":[148],"an":[149],"approach":[150],"aims":[152],"to:(1)":[153],"Formally":[154],"refine":[155],"specifications,":[157],"(2)":[158],"Automatically":[159],"prompt":[160],"using":[165],"calculus,":[167],"(3)":[168],"Interact":[169],"code,":[176],"(4)":[177],"Verify":[178],"satisfies":[183],"constraints,":[185],"thus":[186],"guaranteeing":[187],"its":[188],"correctness,":[189],"(5)":[190],"Learn":[191],"build":[193],"advanced":[195],"laws":[197],"extend":[199],"calculus.":[202],"evaluated":[204],"Refine4LLM":[205,221],"against":[206],"state-of-the-art":[208],"baselines":[209],"on":[210],"benchmarks.":[215],"The":[216],"experiment":[217],"results":[218],"show":[219],"efficiently":[223],"robust":[226],"reduce":[229],"time":[231],"verification.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-09-02T18:50:13.731487","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}