{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401717176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704880","title":"Preservation of Speculative Constant-Time by Compilation","display_name":"Preservation of Speculative Constant-Time by Compilation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401717176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3704880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704880","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072062100","display_name":"Santiago Arranz Olmos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096592","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy","ror":"https://ror.org/00bj0r217","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Santiago Arranz Olmos","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPI-SP, Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7425-570X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPI-SP, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075577852","display_name":"Gilles Barthe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3853-1777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096592","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy","ror":"https://ror.org/00bj0r217","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162154","display_name":"IMDEA Software Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xvfkh51","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I4210162154"]}],"countries":["DE","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gilles Barthe","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Software Institute, Madrid, Spain","MPI-SP, Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3853-1777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Software Institute, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162154"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPI-SP, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003024932","display_name":"Lionel Blatter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9058-2005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096592","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy","ror":"https://ror.org/00bj0r217","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lionel Blatter","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPI-SP, Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9058-2005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPI-SP, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096592"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103256238","display_name":"Benjamin Gr\u00e9goire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6650-9924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Gr\u00e9goire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, Sophia Antipolis, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6650-9924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, Sophia Antipolis, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088318447","display_name":"Vincent Laporte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3468-352X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127166","display_name":"Centre Inria de l'Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine","ror":"https://ror.org/03fcjvn64","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210127166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90183372","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine","ror":"https://ror.org/04vfs2w97","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90183372"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Laporte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, Nancy, France","Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Nancy, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3468-352X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, Nancy, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Nancy, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90183372"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072062100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096592"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.8554,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98385556,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"POPL","first_page":"1293","last_page":"1325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.844864010810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.8363653421401978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7494193315505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.47991737723350525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.468483567237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3605594038963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.35784757137298584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.844864010810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.8363653421401978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7494193315505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.47991737723350525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.468483567237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3605594038963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.35784757137298584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3704880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04663857v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-04663857","pdf_url":"https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-04663857v1/file/2024-1203.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2024","raw_type":"Preprints, Working Papers, ..."},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14001014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14001014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3704880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1297741380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EXC 2092 CASA - 390781972","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G18682879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"390781972","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4041451713","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-22-PECY-0006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95201508","https://openalex.org/W1523982624","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W1680927362","https://openalex.org/W1963833875","https://openalex.org/W2009248821","https://openalex.org/W2015083179","https://openalex.org/W2071929572","https://openalex.org/W2103289002","https://openalex.org/W2129695855","https://openalex.org/W2138538875","https://openalex.org/W2155851497","https://openalex.org/W2163005041","https://openalex.org/W2172426415","https://openalex.org/W2462805800","https://openalex.org/W2562036180","https://openalex.org/W2586555532","https://openalex.org/W2760025382","https://openalex.org/W2765820137","https://openalex.org/W2766545755","https://openalex.org/W2860564492","https://openalex.org/W2886207505","https://openalex.org/W2891653310","https://openalex.org/W2898994781","https://openalex.org/W2900135310","https://openalex.org/W2930837359","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W2964769002","https://openalex.org/W2995075587","https://openalex.org/W2995664728","https://openalex.org/W3003637591","https://openalex.org/W3015276542","https://openalex.org/W3015465581","https://openalex.org/W3034103899","https://openalex.org/W3045655459","https://openalex.org/W3096664316","https://openalex.org/W3110167032","https://openalex.org/W3114864185","https://openalex.org/W3124307800","https://openalex.org/W3156526578","https://openalex.org/W3211894565","https://openalex.org/W3212177851","https://openalex.org/W3212308234","https://openalex.org/W3214883374","https://openalex.org/W4282813657","https://openalex.org/W4288057698","https://openalex.org/W4288057759","https://openalex.org/W4308361262","https://openalex.org/W4385080320","https://openalex.org/W4385080326","https://openalex.org/W4385187318","https://openalex.org/W4388856880","https://openalex.org/W4388857283","https://openalex.org/W4389395087","https://openalex.org/W4406222150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W1713081424","https://openalex.org/W2127315869","https://openalex.org/W1523769955","https://openalex.org/W2245390655","https://openalex.org/W4379536100"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compilers":[0],"often":[1],"weaken":[2],"or":[3],"even":[4],"discard":[5],"software-based":[6],"countermeasures":[7],"commonly":[8],"used":[9],"to":[10,28,31,149],"protect":[11],"programs":[12,63,87,109],"against":[13,66,90],"side-channel":[14,68],"attacks;":[15],"worse,":[16],"they":[17],"may":[18],"also":[19],"introduce":[20],"vulnerabilities":[21],"that":[22,34,41,60,62,86,96,131,151,167],"attackers":[23],"can":[24,174],"exploit.":[25],"The":[26],"solution":[27],"this":[29],"problemis":[30],"develop":[32],"compilers":[33,53],"preserve":[35,54],"such":[36],"countermeasures.":[37],"Prior":[38],"work":[39],"establishes":[40],"(a":[42],"mildly":[43],"modified":[44],"version":[45],"of)":[46],"the":[47,82,135,139,144,159],"CompCert":[48],"and":[49,120,123,142,165],"Jasmin":[50,140,160,173],"formally":[51],"verified":[52],"constant-time,":[55,78],"an":[56],"information":[57],"flow":[58],"policy":[59],"ensures":[61,85],"are":[64,88],"protected":[65,89],"timing":[67],"attacks.":[69,92],"However,":[70],"nothing":[71],"is":[72,112],"known":[73],"about":[74],"preservation":[75,97],"of":[76,81,98,107,134,138],"speculative":[77,99,114,154,161],"a":[79,128],"strengthening":[80],"constant-time":[83,100,115,162],"policythat":[84],"Spectre-v1":[91],"We":[93],"first":[94],"show":[95],"fails":[101],"in":[102,172],"practice":[103],"by":[104],"providing":[105],"examples":[106],"secure":[108],"whose":[110],"compilation":[111],"not":[113],"using":[116],"GCC":[117,121],"(GCC":[118],"-O0":[119],"-O1)":[122],"Jasmin.":[124],"Then,":[125],"we":[126,157],"define":[127],"proof-of-concept":[129],"compiler":[130,141],"distills":[132],"some":[133],"critical":[136],"passes":[137],"use":[143],"C":[145],"oq":[146],"proof":[147],"assistant":[148],"prove":[150],"it":[152],"preserves":[153],"constant-time.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"patch":[158],"type":[163],"checker":[164],"demonstrate":[166],"all":[168],"cryptographic":[169],"implementations":[170],"written":[171],"be":[175],"fixed":[176],"with":[177],"minimal":[178],"impact.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}