{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404483733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704735","title":"Sabotaging Material Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Parts through Low-Magnitude Kinetic Manipulation Attacks","display_name":"Sabotaging Material Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Parts through Low-Magnitude Kinetic Manipulation Attacks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404483733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3704735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704735","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007440779","display_name":"Muhammad H. Rais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9944-1142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11786554","display_name":"Virginia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04esvpn06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Haris Rais","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA","Virginia State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9944-1142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101696660","display_name":"Muhammad Ahsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7435-4675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11786554","display_name":"Virginia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04esvpn06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ahsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","Virginia State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7435-4675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063509441","display_name":"Irfan Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-388X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","Virginia Commonwealth University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-388X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5325,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65239896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrusion","display_name":"Extrusion","score":0.7873855233192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinetic-energy","display_name":"Kinetic energy","score":0.641177773475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnitude","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","score":0.5321340560913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printed","display_name":"3d printed","score":0.45649969577789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3885498344898224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3507160246372223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.26303237676620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2565191984176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2265850305557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.18297237157821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classical-mechanics","display_name":"Classical mechanics","score":0.11309066414833069}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778958987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139143","display_name":"Extrusion","level":2,"score":0.7873855233192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135889238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276","display_name":"Kinetic energy","level":2,"score":0.641177773475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5321340560913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019308078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3d printed","level":2,"score":0.45649969577789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3885498344898224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3507160246372223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.26303237676620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2565191984176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2265850305557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.18297237157821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.11309066414833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3704735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3704735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3704735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2351765604","https://openalex.org/W2514284262","https://openalex.org/W2522987309","https://openalex.org/W2537385619","https://openalex.org/W2587059979","https://openalex.org/W2591507999","https://openalex.org/W2619263430","https://openalex.org/W2619672494","https://openalex.org/W2755229365","https://openalex.org/W2779238932","https://openalex.org/W2792761021","https://openalex.org/W2884884892","https://openalex.org/W2891297337","https://openalex.org/W2961964091","https://openalex.org/W2969818904","https://openalex.org/W2972169675","https://openalex.org/W3009587295","https://openalex.org/W3010928314","https://openalex.org/W3021167850","https://openalex.org/W3091807954","https://openalex.org/W3111471261","https://openalex.org/W3116706230","https://openalex.org/W3151425564","https://openalex.org/W3152917068","https://openalex.org/W3171138449","https://openalex.org/W3186896525","https://openalex.org/W4220890144","https://openalex.org/W4232951184","https://openalex.org/W4236601256","https://openalex.org/W4289038676","https://openalex.org/W4307964214","https://openalex.org/W4311465492","https://openalex.org/W4312366294","https://openalex.org/W4312613817","https://openalex.org/W4312908360","https://openalex.org/W4323054460","https://openalex.org/W4327939593","https://openalex.org/W4385412380","https://openalex.org/W4391408648","https://openalex.org/W4393204325"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2353373575","https://openalex.org/W2362061090","https://openalex.org/W1659936574","https://openalex.org/W3102567326","https://openalex.org/W2376418092","https://openalex.org/W1603813287","https://openalex.org/W2351799775","https://openalex.org/W2383118468","https://openalex.org/W2373394917"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,101,131,168,192],"increasing":[1],"ubiquity":[2],"of":[3,170,182],"material-extrusion-based":[4],"additive":[5],"manufacturing":[6],"is":[7,42,49,177],"motivating":[8],"cybersecurity":[9],"researchers":[10],"to":[11,44,94,166],"explore":[12],"its":[13,46],"offensive":[14],"and":[15,30,48,79,108,126,145,161],"defensive":[16],"landscape.":[17],"Being":[18],"a":[19,34,38,112,203],"physical":[20,90],"system,":[21],"3D":[22,124],"printers":[23],"have":[24],"non-zero":[25],"tolerance":[26,69],"specifications":[27],"for":[28],"precision":[29],"trueness":[31],"parameters.":[32],"While":[33],"single-bit":[35],"change":[36],"in":[37,141,157,173,188],"digital":[39],"data":[40],"file":[41],"sufficient":[43],"fail":[45],"integrity":[47],"easily":[50],"detected":[51,197,201],"through":[52,111],"methods":[53],"such":[54],"as":[55],"hashing,":[56],"the":[57,62,68,75,89,96,118,123,127,142,148,159,171,175,183,189],"printing":[58],"process":[59,78,91],"(and":[60],"subsequently":[61],"printed":[63,97],"object)":[64],"remains":[65],"compliant":[66],"within":[67],"zone.":[70],"This":[71],"study":[72],"systematically":[73],"analyzes":[74],"material":[76],"extrusion":[77],"identifies":[80],"four":[81],"attack":[82,114,211],"opportunities":[83],"where":[84],"low-magnitude":[85],"kinetic":[86],"cyberattacks":[87],"exploit":[88],"compliance":[92],"zone":[93],"sabotage":[95],"part\u2019s":[98],"mechanical":[99],"properties.":[100],"attacks":[102,134,172,193],"are":[103,154],"demonstrated":[104],"on":[105],"ASTM-compliant":[106],"tensile":[107,160],"flexure":[109],"bars":[110],"man-in-the-middle":[113],"scenario":[115],"by":[116,164,179],"hijacking":[117],"network":[119],"layer":[120],"communication":[121],"between":[122],"printer":[125,128],"control":[129],"machine.":[130],"physically":[132],"stealthy":[133],"did":[135],"not":[136,196],"produce":[137],"any":[138],"evident":[139],"deformation":[140],"parts\u2019":[143],"dimensions":[144],"mass,":[146],"while":[147],"destructive":[149],"tests":[150],"confirm":[151],"that":[152],"they":[153],"still":[155],"effective":[156],"modifying":[158],"bending":[162],"strength":[163],"up":[165],"25%.":[167],"effectiveness":[169],"bypassing":[174],"defenses":[176],"assessed":[178],"implementing":[180],"one":[181],"leading":[184],"detection":[185],"schemes":[186],"described":[187],"current":[190],"literature.":[191],"were":[194],"either":[195],"at":[198,209],"all":[199],"or":[200],"with":[202],"significantly":[204],"high":[205],"false":[206],"negative":[207],"rate":[208],"various":[210],"magnitudes.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
