{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404276109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3703457","title":"Applications and Challenges of AI in PCB X-ray Inspection: A Comprehensive Study","display_name":"Applications and Challenges of AI in PCB X-ray Inspection: A Comprehensive Study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404276109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3703457"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3703457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3703457","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3703457","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3703457","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109770670","display_name":"Antika Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7954-5588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antika Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","University of Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7954-5588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031835871","display_name":"Md Mahfuz Al Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-388X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MD Mahfuz Al Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","University of Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-388X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055246376","display_name":"Shajib Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-8177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shajib Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","University of Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-8177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059164559","display_name":"Nitin Varshney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nitin Varshney","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","University of Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7803-6803","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062440633","display_name":"Jake Julia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2330-785X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jake Julia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","University of Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2330-785X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074411488","display_name":"Reza Forghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8572-1864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Forghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","University of Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8572-1864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103242416","display_name":"Navid Asadizanjani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-5072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navid Asadizanjani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","University of Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-5072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109770670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.848,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84994034,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.42144161462783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4169306457042694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41066259145736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-engineering","display_name":"Forensic engineering","score":0.36964815855026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.32084834575653076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.42144161462783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4169306457042694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41066259145736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36964815855026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.32084834575653076}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3703457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3703457","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3703457","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3703457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3703457","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3703457","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404276109.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W319611471","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1919542679","https://openalex.org/W1979149842","https://openalex.org/W1989328827","https://openalex.org/W1990919278","https://openalex.org/W1999320095","https://openalex.org/W2001351572","https://openalex.org/W2003624223","https://openalex.org/W2055483062","https://openalex.org/W2087416986","https://openalex.org/W2103616940","https://openalex.org/W2141832011","https://openalex.org/W2147388225","https://openalex.org/W2193598334","https://openalex.org/W2234720495","https://openalex.org/W2296055064","https://openalex.org/W2527841944","https://openalex.org/W2542870090","https://openalex.org/W2575470012","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2776265614","https://openalex.org/W2795777276","https://openalex.org/W2798893794","https://openalex.org/W2889134685","https://openalex.org/W2898044559","https://openalex.org/W2899172221","https://openalex.org/W2907946893","https://openalex.org/W2941001797","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2998779578","https://openalex.org/W3016370679","https://openalex.org/W3021144501","https://openalex.org/W3046108700","https://openalex.org/W3081524416","https://openalex.org/W3105425607","https://openalex.org/W3121461282","https://openalex.org/W3126790209","https://openalex.org/W3127087905","https://openalex.org/W3131251210","https://openalex.org/W3133902371","https://openalex.org/W3134828566","https://openalex.org/W3155327808","https://openalex.org/W3168405986","https://openalex.org/W3169384804","https://openalex.org/W3188464007","https://openalex.org/W3190695173","https://openalex.org/W3191101389","https://openalex.org/W3193024002","https://openalex.org/W3202395875","https://openalex.org/W3215055741","https://openalex.org/W3215777979","https://openalex.org/W4205150758","https://openalex.org/W4205553873","https://openalex.org/W4206982266","https://openalex.org/W4212811958","https://openalex.org/W4235710763","https://openalex.org/W4237703334","https://openalex.org/W4240518936","https://openalex.org/W4251607628","https://openalex.org/W4252340684","https://openalex.org/W4280503200","https://openalex.org/W4285103044","https://openalex.org/W4285241975","https://openalex.org/W4292363360","https://openalex.org/W4297805106","https://openalex.org/W4301045096","https://openalex.org/W4308233684","https://openalex.org/W4308236022","https://openalex.org/W4317461472","https://openalex.org/W4317853070","https://openalex.org/W4320027354","https://openalex.org/W4362668768","https://openalex.org/W4362671087","https://openalex.org/W4372082065","https://openalex.org/W4382987254","https://openalex.org/W4386869605","https://openalex.org/W4391532004"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2024940580","https://openalex.org/W2355407165","https://openalex.org/W4239650436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"printed":[1],"circuit":[2],"boards":[3],"(PCBs)":[4],"continue":[5],"to":[6,51],"evolve":[7],"in":[8,23,45,83,120,130,152],"complexity":[9],"and":[10,16,27,37,53,71,80,103,118,140,149,164,176,186],"miniaturization,":[11],"the":[12,25,49,58,69,84,114,126,137,147,158,165],"demand":[13],"for":[14,108,191],"robust":[15],"efficient":[17],"inspection":[18,44],"techniques":[19,40,76],"has":[20,41],"become":[21],"paramount":[22],"ensuring":[24],"quality":[26],"reliability":[28],"of":[29,34,57,73,77,86,93,101,116,132,160,167,182],"electronic":[30],"devices.":[31],"The":[32,90],"application":[33,181],"machine":[35,81],"learning":[36,39,79,106,188],"deep":[38,78,105,187],"revolutionized":[42],"PCB":[43,87,153],"recent":[46],"years,":[47],"enabling":[48],"ability":[50],"automate":[52],"improve":[54],"numerous":[55],"elements":[56],"process.":[59],"In":[60,169],"this":[61,94,171],"article,":[62],"a":[63],"comprehensive":[64],"analysis":[65],"is":[66],"performed":[67],"on":[68],"applications":[70],"challenges":[72,150],"AI,":[74],"encompassing":[75],"learning,":[82],"domain":[85],"X-ray":[88,154],"scrutiny.":[89],"main":[91],"focus":[92],"research":[95],"centers":[96],"around":[97],"defect":[98],"detection,":[99],"identification":[100,115],"components":[102],"layers,":[104],"algorithms":[107],"image":[109],"reconstruction,":[110],"as":[111,113,157],"well":[112],"defects":[117],"features":[119],"advanced":[121],"packaging.":[122],"This":[123],"study":[124],"examines":[125],"current":[127],"cutting-edge":[128],"advancements":[129],"each":[131],"these":[133],"areas,":[134],"closely":[135],"examining":[136],"existing":[138],"methodologies":[139],"technologies":[141],"employed.":[142],"Furthermore,":[143],"it":[144],"delves":[145],"into":[146],"limitations":[148],"inherent":[151],"inspection,":[155],"such":[156],"unavailability":[159],"data,":[161],"computational":[162],"demands,":[163],"interpretability":[166],"models.":[168],"addition,":[170],"article":[172],"offers":[173],"prospective":[174],"insights":[175],"presents":[177],"promising":[178],"avenues":[179],"like":[180],"generative":[183],"adversarial":[184],"networks":[185],"reconstruction":[189],"methods":[190],"future":[192],"exploration.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
