{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404534210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3703155","title":"A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questions","display_name":"A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404534210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3703155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3703155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3703155","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3703155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735545","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","issn_l":"1046-8188","issn":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3703155","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113597242","display_name":"Lei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9650-8353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055989750","display_name":"Weijiang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7449-3093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijiang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Inc., Shenzhen, China","Huawei Inc., China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Inc., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Inc., China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111073904","display_name":"Weitao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8631-3858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weitao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114030840","display_name":"Weihong Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4063-668X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihong Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007059246","display_name":"Zhangyin Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5909-1339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangyin Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114889392","display_name":"Haotian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5363-3886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haotian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086038509","display_name":"Qianglong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7845-1544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianglong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Inc., Shenzhen, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Inc., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063233389","display_name":"Weihua Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Inc., Shenzhen, China","Huawei Inc., China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Inc., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Inc., China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073213620","display_name":"Xiaocheng Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6011-0496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaocheng Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017671620","display_name":"Bing Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2543-5604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418171","display_name":"Ting Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1999-2600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113597242"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":406.9654,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1186,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99998581,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-hallucination","display_name":"Visual Hallucination","score":0.5640968084335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5297112464904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.40583133697509766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.15057167410850525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908998935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130741","display_name":"Visual Hallucination","level":2,"score":0.5640968084335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5297112464904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.40583133697509766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.15057167410850525}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3703155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3703155","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3703155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735545","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","issn_l":"1046-8188","issn":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3703155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3703155","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3703155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735545","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","issn_l":"1046-8188","issn":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404534210.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":214,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W89714523","https://openalex.org/W398859631","https://openalex.org/W1498990157","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2158874082","https://openalex.org/W2489487449","https://openalex.org/W2531563875","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2747329762","https://openalex.org/W2763110165","https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2903268415","https://openalex.org/W2914911817","https://openalex.org/W2930957955","https://openalex.org/W2946794439","https://openalex.org/W2947681066","https://openalex.org/W2950681488","https://openalex.org/W2951211142","https://openalex.org/W2952744660","https://openalex.org/W2963096510","https://openalex.org/W2963115613","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2970476646","https://openalex.org/W2970692082","https://openalex.org/W3014096773","https://openalex.org/W3021150969","https://openalex.org/W3022685184","https://openalex.org/W3034188538","https://openalex.org/W3034383590","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3035214886","https://openalex.org/W3098495697","https://openalex.org/W3099700870","https://openalex.org/W3101118213","https://openalex.org/W3101551503","https://openalex.org/W3102657423","https://openalex.org/W3103178756","https://openalex.org/W3106234277","https://openalex.org/W3106302287","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3152884768","https://openalex.org/W3153046263","https://openalex.org/W3153193605","https://openalex.org/W3153712677","https://openalex.org/W3153947101","https://openalex.org/W3155807546","https://openalex.org/W3159259047","https://openalex.org/W3168251909","https://openalex.org/W3169283369","https://openalex.org/W3170432046","https://openalex.org/W3173343821","https://openalex.org/W3173844397","https://openalex.org/W3177525997","https://openalex.org/W3177765786","https://openalex.org/W3201174429","https://openalex.org/W3207005999","https://openalex.org/W3212464620","https://openalex.org/W3213868621","https://openalex.org/W3213990450","https://openalex.org/W4205179624","https://openalex.org/W4205477024","https://openalex.org/W4206118214","https://openalex.org/W4221143046","https://openalex.org/W4223974161","https://openalex.org/W4224051134","https://openalex.org/W4224308101","https://openalex.org/W4226118367","https://openalex.org/W4229026446","https://openalex.org/W4235210970","https://openalex.org/W4281679115","https://openalex.org/W4285149215","https://openalex.org/W4285206226","https://openalex.org/W4285225959","https://openalex.org/W4285286564","https://openalex.org/W4285298148","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4301243929","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4317794973","https://openalex.org/W4318719006","https://openalex.org/W4319793767","https://openalex.org/W4322718191","https://openalex.org/W4323706279","https://openalex.org/W4353007481","https://openalex.org/W4361193179","https://openalex.org/W4375870261","https://openalex.org/W4377866048","https://openalex.org/W4378509387","https://openalex.org/W4382240279","https://openalex.org/W4385262268","https://openalex.org/W4385327568","https://openalex.org/W4385565472","https://openalex.org/W4385569882","https://openalex.org/W4385570326","https://openalex.org/W4385570481","https://openalex.org/W4385570777","https://openalex.org/W4385571034","https://openalex.org/W4385571050","https://openalex.org/W4385571072","https://openalex.org/W4385571158","https://openalex.org/W4385571232","https://openalex.org/W4385571271","https://openalex.org/W4385571776","https://openalex.org/W4385572775","https://openalex.org/W4385573898","https://openalex.org/W4385574183","https://openalex.org/W4385714201","https://openalex.org/W4385734218","https://openalex.org/W4385889719","https://openalex.org/W4386081161","https://openalex.org/W4386566495","https://openalex.org/W4386566590","https://openalex.org/W4386566641","https://openalex.org/W4386566643","https://openalex.org/W4386566737","https://openalex.org/W4386566857","https://openalex.org/W4386576685","https://openalex.org/W4386794805","https://openalex.org/W4387157010","https://openalex.org/W4387355694","https://openalex.org/W4387596624","https://openalex.org/W4387800173","https://openalex.org/W4388093430","https://openalex.org/W4388184878","https://openalex.org/W4388650587","https://openalex.org/W4388717437","https://openalex.org/W4388748497","https://openalex.org/W4388748510","https://openalex.org/W4388778348","https://openalex.org/W4388787636","https://openalex.org/W4388787841","https://openalex.org/W4389115095","https://openalex.org/W4389518688","https://openalex.org/W4389518833","https://openalex.org/W4389518895","https://openalex.org/W4389519118","https://openalex.org/W4389519226","https://openalex.org/W4389519239","https://openalex.org/W4389519254","https://openalex.org/W4389519449","https://openalex.org/W4389519596","https://openalex.org/W4389519598","https://openalex.org/W4389520103","https://openalex.org/W4389520333","https://openalex.org/W4389520460","https://openalex.org/W4389520468","https://openalex.org/W4389520749","https://openalex.org/W4389520758","https://openalex.org/W4389523648","https://openalex.org/W4389523675","https://openalex.org/W4389523799","https://openalex.org/W4389524320","https://openalex.org/W4389524547","https://openalex.org/W4389650831","https://openalex.org/W4389713732","https://openalex.org/W4389714070","https://openalex.org/W4389777735","https://openalex.org/W4389921502","https://openalex.org/W4390041933","https://openalex.org/W4390437891","https://openalex.org/W4390602555","https://openalex.org/W4390722860","https://openalex.org/W4390833426","https://openalex.org/W4390963073","https://openalex.org/W4391158813","https://openalex.org/W4391287688","https://openalex.org/W4391376033","https://openalex.org/W4391463108","https://openalex.org/W4391871157","https://openalex.org/W4391900009","https://openalex.org/W4391914041","https://openalex.org/W4391941943","https://openalex.org/W4391987903","https://openalex.org/W4392012005","https://openalex.org/W4392090222","https://openalex.org/W4392120541","https://openalex.org/W4392538944","https://openalex.org/W4392669753","https://openalex.org/W4392930005","https://openalex.org/W4393119012","https://openalex.org/W4393284419","https://openalex.org/W4394007431","https://openalex.org/W4394736662","https://openalex.org/W4396822552","https://openalex.org/W4398757454","https://openalex.org/W4398808052","https://openalex.org/W4399152131","https://openalex.org/W4399198354","https://openalex.org/W4399198774","https://openalex.org/W4399530612","https://openalex.org/W4399837475","https://openalex.org/W4399837530","https://openalex.org/W4399911099","https://openalex.org/W4399913054","https://openalex.org/W4401042427","https://openalex.org/W4401042753","https://openalex.org/W4401042999","https://openalex.org/W4402669975","https://openalex.org/W4402670531","https://openalex.org/W4402671413","https://openalex.org/W4402671958","https://openalex.org/W4402671995","https://openalex.org/W4402684029","https://openalex.org/W4402684046","https://openalex.org/W4402684163","https://openalex.org/W4402685455","https://openalex.org/W4402726948","https://openalex.org/W4402727851","https://openalex.org/W4403791410","https://openalex.org/W4404781368","https://openalex.org/W4404781621","https://openalex.org/W4404782801","https://openalex.org/W4404782968","https://openalex.org/W4404783000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2419430421","https://openalex.org/W2334811251","https://openalex.org/W2386464051","https://openalex.org/W32883749","https://openalex.org/W2308791691","https://openalex.org/W1972094787","https://openalex.org/W1971933602","https://openalex.org/W39816624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,43,93,108,113,130,187],"large":[3,182],"language":[4,14],"models":[5,184],"(LLMs)":[6],"has":[7,52],"marked":[8],"a":[9,18,87,127],"significant":[10,38],"breakthrough":[11],"in":[12,21,45,96,110,158,181,190],"natural":[13],"processing":[15],"(NLP),":[16],"fueling":[17],"paradigm":[19],"shift":[20],"information":[22,47],"acquisition.":[23],"Nevertheless,":[24],"LLMs":[25,44,157],"are":[26],"prone":[27],"to":[28,56,68,122,140],"hallucination,":[29],"generating":[30],"plausible":[31],"yet":[32],"nonfactual":[33],"content.":[34],"This":[35,81],"phenomenon":[36],"raises":[37],"concerns":[39],"over":[40],"the":[41,63,84,111,119,151,172],"reliability":[42],"real-world":[46],"retrieval":[48],"(IR)":[49],"systems":[50],"and":[51,58,90,115,134,185],"attracted":[53],"intensive":[54],"research":[55,174],"detect":[57],"mitigate":[59],"such":[60],"hallucinations.":[61,98,123,146,192],"Given":[62],"open-ended":[64],"general-purpose":[65],"attributes":[66],"inherent":[67],"LLMs,":[69],"LLM":[70,97,114,145,177,191],"hallucinations":[71],"present":[72,126],"distinct":[73],"challenges":[74],"that":[75],"diverge":[76],"from":[77],"prior":[78],"task-specific":[79],"models.":[80],"divergence":[82],"highlights":[83],"urgency":[85],"for":[86,143,163],"nuanced":[88],"understanding":[89,186],"comprehensive":[91],"overview":[92,129],"recent":[94],"advances":[95],"In":[99],"this":[100],"survey,":[101],"we":[102,125,148,170],"begin":[103],"with":[104],"an":[105],"innovative":[106],"taxonomy":[107],"hallucination":[109,131,180],"era":[112],"then":[116,138],"delve":[117,149],"into":[118,150],"factors":[120],"contributing":[121],"Subsequently,":[124],"thorough":[128],"detection":[132],"methods":[133],"benchmarks.":[135],"Our":[136],"discussion":[137],"transfers":[139],"representative":[141],"methodologies":[142],"mitigating":[144],"Additionally,":[147],"current":[152],"limitations":[153],"faced":[154],"by":[155],"retrieval-augmented":[156],"combating":[159],"hallucinations,":[160,178],"offering":[161],"insights":[162],"developing":[164],"more":[165],"robust":[166],"IR":[167],"systems.":[168],"Finally,":[169],"highlight":[171],"promising":[173],"directions":[175],"on":[176],"including":[179],"vision-language":[183],"knowledge":[188],"boundaries":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":245},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":806},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":135}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2024-11-21T00:00:00"}